Introduction
The current explanation of globalization contains the significant idealism that one's culture supersedes that of another, regardless of any potential beneficial amalgamation. Throughout history, the idea of conquer, and more immediately, the annihilation of governmental bodies and social stratification has resulted in the exponential expansion of social resources. Hence, it is, through the addition these different, yet significant diversities that progress has been most effectively infected. One significant assimilation was that of the Byzantine architecture in to the future engineering of Islamic magnates. As the disintegration of Byzantine society cannot be entirely accredited to the task of the Islamic causes, it is through constant attempts at profession and tireless warfare, in conjunction with the foresight of Islamic authority to reintegrate lots of the impressive design maxims into their structures, that the buildings that remain today occupy such spiritual indemnification among followers. Truly, the Byzantine effect in not only early on, but modern Islamic architecture has designed not only the ceiling of spiritual piety, but the ideology of a charismatic and well-preserved spiritual force.
Byzantine Architecture
The Byzantine Empire itself may easily be defined as a ethnic melting pot, or even more definitively, the globalized integration of spiritual and ethnical views, centralized around one breathtaking city: Constantinople. It really is through the re-integration of revitalized world views that throughout the rein of this Empire, substantial cultural and societal profits were enacted. These increases include the amazing architectural innovations which greatly affected the future adjoining areas and reverent incorporation of byzantine architectural masterpieces to their framework. Never to be excluded, the Roman and Greek affects within Byzantine architecture engineered significant constructions, so motivating and well described that they might become structural affecters even even today. Most notably, the innovations towards structural anatomist as well as iconography would affect religious societies for many future decades.
The definitive Byzantine structure may be seen as a a exclusively architectured high dome, including theological depictions ornately carved which often represented the spiritual symbols of the era. The re-definition of the church foundation which took place during this timeframe taken away the reliance on the boxed structure with four surfaces and included structurally definitive six to eight cornered structures which would also serve to support the dome itself. Additionally, and especially vital to future Islamic interpretation, the utilization of Corinthinan capitals, or staying Roman word carved into stone and located within the structure of the building for cosmetic purposes, would determine future scriptural formations and lettering on the outside of mosques and properties.
While the Byzantine's themselves were generally Christian, and especially through the first ruler's reign, persecuted non-christian residents, often to the fatality, the impact that their structures, as well as their ethnic devotion could have on future Islamic countries is highly noticeable in many of their structures. Timely in it's historical prescedence, the life of Mohammed would significantly affect this empire, as Muslim forces gained strength and started to harm southern Byzantine territories. "Byzantine energies concentrated almost completely to the east and to the south. The european countries, the Europe that Byzantium at onetime looked to for his or her identity and record, began to gradually fade from their horizon. "[1] In spite of the Islamic causes, Byzantine architecture presents the preservation of Roman impact which continues to impact building design to this day.
Islamic Interpretation
The integration of Byzantine structures into Islamic religious structures is constantly on the influence modern building design in this area of the world. One of the similarities between the Byzantine (Religious Majority) and Islamic societies was the lack of iconographic interpretations. Both religions greatly preached the eradication of religions depictions through idolatry or stone iconography. In this format, the singular representation of religious devotion would come form the incorporation of religious words and text that would set the surfaces or pillars in this mosque. Also, the minimization of external flourish would encourage access into the religious dwelling. The impact of this strategy of outside minimalization, while re-defined interior actualization would greatly have an effect on modern construction. "The large number of attractive treatments of areas in Islamic architecture, the use of nearly every conceivable approach and the development of a rich repertory of designs -- from geometric to abstract forms to full-scale floral habits, from minutely performed inscriptions in a complete variety of calligraphic styles to the monumental single words that provide as both religious images and decoration -- is without parallel in the architecture of the non-Muslim world. "[2] Reverence beneath ornately decorated buildings would encourage spiritual piety, and incorporate the devotion of the follower through his affectation from the surrounding architecture.
Further noteworthy incorporations of Byzantine architecture include the usage of mosaic varieties, the amalgamation of colourful tile or rock to represent a graphic with religious value, the high dome structure supported by multiple pillars or bases, and an extensive palate pastel and complementary colors which would overflow the inside of the framework itself. Regardless of the mediated outdoor flair, the re-introduction of color and style into the interior of the constructions themselves can be much attributed to Byzantium impact.
Utilizing marble and mosaic, in conjunction with hundreds of years of preservation, the Mosque of Damascus was effectively created as another Mecca, or discovered within the Islamic religious beliefs as a robust venue of complete worship. The unique history of the structure has the identification with the Byzantine ruling faith, as "after the Islamic conquest of Damascus in 661, during the reign of the first Umayyad caliph Mu'awiya Ibn Abi Sufyan, the Muslims shared the cathedral with the Christians. The Muslims prayed in the eastern portion of the ancient temple framework and the Christians in the western side. "[3] The Byzantines, a predominately Christian society, were willing to talk about this area of relevance with the Islamic supporters due to the highly divine id that was incumbent within the location to both civilizations. This diversification of venue, paired with the influence of Byzantine architects, led the caliph to construct a building which has endured calamity while edifying the need of piety through the ornate calligraphical representations and integration of motivating color and mosaic.
Additionally, the multiple pillared structure, as well as much arches and octagonal foundation clearly signifies significant effect from the Byzantine time to the Islamic interpretation. Articles from the Koran have been requisitioned to the support buildings of the domed roof as devotees may kneel and raise their eyes to remember the sacred text above them. There is a distinct insufficient man or animalistic influence, as the iconography is specifically relegated to the spiritual features non-idolatrated. Finally, the amazing mosaic which surrounds the entire building, in conjunction with the etched marble offers immediate insight into the impact of Byzantine predecessors.
Example 2: Dome of the Rock
Currently, one of the main set ups in Islamic faith, the Dome of the Rock, represents a place of extreme importance and, venerated by the Muslims, it is where in fact the prophet Muhammad ascended to heaven. "[4] This simple notion has dished up as an instrumental catapult for most different wars and fights which evolved surrounding the structure and located area of the site. Essentially, this is a monumental domed structure created by Abdul Malik ibn Marwan in roughly 685 AD. The Byzantine effect may be immediately accepted through the multiple arches, the pillars inscribed with Koranic words, and the mosaic colorization which shows both the external surfaces and interior of the remarkable structure. Additionally, the layout boasting extensive groundwork and lack of religious iconography presents the immediate Roman effect on the Byzantine architects. In fact, this structure continues to be represented, much less an Islamic specific creation, but as a imitate to a most impressive work in Syria known as the Cathedral of Bosra, created during a time of Roman guideline. [5] And, as recently recognized, it was through Roman integration and enthusiasm that the transcendence of structures framed the Byzantine empire.
Conclusion
Easily identified through didactic calligraphy, amazing mosaic, and highly inspirational domed structures, the Islamic identification with Byzantine impact has offered contemporary society a unique exemplory case of social assimilation without full range disintegration. Representatively, the Roman effect throughout the globe has offered some of the most amazing architectural features, including dam and aqueduct engineering, in addition to modern structures and bridges. Through tri-cultural amalgamation, the Islamic Caliphs could actually integrate the most effective traits of the Byzantine interpretation and redirect those features to their own religious facilities. The shiny colored, highly regimented buildings stay today as a reminder of necessitated devotion for enthusiasts; they will be the essential proponents of spiritual migration, and the continuous belligerent behavior encompassing their maintenance offers unique perspective into a ethnic clash regarding the choice of architectural foundation. The wonder and multi-cultural integration of these structures and architecture, however, is finally essential to maintain, as the historical implications of pre-capitalist globalization offers direct insight in to the highly devout character of mankind's religious and ethnical plight, the result which has far reaching determinations in to the future.
References
http://archnet. org/catalogue/sites/one-site. tcl?site_id=7161
http://historymedren. about. com/gi/powerful/offsite. htm?zi=1/XJ/Ya&sdn=historymedren&cdn=education&tm=27&gps device=115_456_1436_699&f=00&tt=14&bt=1&bts=1&zu=http%3A//www. wsu. edu%3A8080/%7Edee/MA/BYZ. HTM
http://islamicart. com/main/structures/intro. html
http://www. sacredsites. com/middle_east/israel/jerusalem. html
Kuban, Dogan. Moslem Faith based Architecture: Development of Faith based Architecture in Later Periods. NY, NY: Brill Academic Publishers, 1997.
[1]http://historymedren. about. com/gi/vibrant/offsite. htm?zi=1/XJ/Ya&sdn=historymedren&cdn=education&tm=27&gps navigation=115_456_1436_699&f=00&tt=14&bt=1&bts=1&zu=http://www. wsu. edu%3A8080/%7Edee/MA/BYZ. HTM
[2] http://islamicart. com/main/structures/intro. html
[3] http://archnet. org/catalogue/sites/one-site. tcl?site_id=7161
[4] http://www. sacredsites. com/middle_east/israel/jerusalem. html
[5] Dogan Kuban, Moslem Religious Architecture, Brill Academics Publishers, 1997, p. 17
