Keywords: environmentally friendly lawn mower, automated lawn mower, backyard mower design
Chapter 1: Release to the study
Background to the research
The first grass mower was contrivance in 1827 and branded in 1830 by Edwin Beard Budding, an engineer from Stroud, Gloucestershire, Great britain.
He got this notion after experiencing a machine in a textile industry, they used a reducing cylinder (or bladed reel) attached to a bench to cut cloth to produce a smooth finish after weaving. Budding realized a similar idea would enable the reducing of lawn if the mechanism could be mounted in a wheeled frame to make the blades rotate near to the lawn's surface.
First grass mower was all made of cast flat iron and featured a big rear end roller with a slicing cylinder (reel) in leading. Cast iron gear wheels transmitted power from the trunk roller to the clipping cylinder. These machines were incredibly similar to modern mowers.
By 2000, robotic are most significant things in the future, no matter if they are used to work in industry or at our homes, imitate some of the human capabilities, or used to access dangerous conditions, launched to space, or simply used to play with. They may be help to reduce individual dependencies in accomplishing a task and reduce time for creation while maintaining regular quality of production outputs. Robotic devices are commonly used in manufacturing industries and for home use as well.
Modern residences normally garden with turf need to be maintained at a short level, is most user upset. Traditional backyard mowing is often a trouble, dangerous and frustrating in lowering the grass. The task of manual grass mowing can be replaced by automatic yard mower by using a robot programmed to perform such task. A automatic grass mower was created and installed in this job.
Automatic Backyard mower can also act as an aid to homeowners who can't perform challenging tasks, including the seniors or disabled. Within the residential part, many older and disabled enjoy lawn maintenance, but are no more able to enjoy the satisfaction of keeping their own lawn due to the physical needs of traditional backyard mowing equipment. These researches (automatic yard mowers) are incredibly older and disabled friendly with the simple. Automatic backyard mower also has the Perfect Balance Between Eco-friendly and Practicality.
Robots are incredibly expensive, no people actually want to buy costly robotic devices. Create a low cost inexpensive automatic garden mower will allow house owners to maintain their grass without spending enough time and money. An autonomous robot can mow the yard of a given specific section of the garden with no human supervision.
Research problem / Research question
However with the constant development, several resources also make the arbitrary misuse. Petrol coal resources are depleting shortages of energy and serious pollution.
In the 20th century, energy problems is any great bottleneck (or price surge) in the way to obtain energy resources to a economy. It usually identifies the lack of oil and additionally to electricity or other natural resources. An energy problems may be referred to as an oil turmoil, petroleum crisis, energy scarcity, electricity scarcity or electricity crisis.
The near future, the petroleum problems already is an extremely big problem. Globality through disburden, they would increase the petroleum price, and debase their charge. Still got a different country, "hit sb. when he's down" boost the petroleum price, and gain profit. Market failure is possible when monopoly manipulation of markets occurs. A crisis can develop credited to industrial actions like union sorted out strikes and government embargoes. The reason may be over-consumption, ageing infrastructure and sometimes bottlenecks at essential oil refineries and port facilities restrict energy supply. That problems requires the industry, business, holding trade, until financial policy.
In reaction to the petroleum problems, the rules of inexperienced energy and lasting living activities gain popularity. This has resulted in increasing curiosity about alternate vitality/fuel research such as gas cell technology, liquid nitrogen market, hydrogen fuel, biodiesel, solar energy, geothermal energy, tidal energy, influx power, and blowing wind energy, and fusion vitality.
Rotary mowers can throw out debris with incredible push is one of the most dangerous tools around the home. Each year, approximately 80, 000 people who have injuries caused by ability mowers were treated in crisis departments. A lot more than 9, 000 of folks hurt were young than 18 years.
Lawn mower accidental injuries include deep reductions, loss of fingertips and toes, destroyed and dislocated bone fragments, burns, and eyesight and other accidental injuries. Some injuries are extremely serious. Both users of mowers and the ones who are close by can be damage.
More than 20 percent of grass mower injuries relating to the hands, fingers or wrist. Time the users want to adapt the elevation of the mower's wheels, ignore grab the spark plug after that the yard mower suddenly converts on. When the user use grass mower also need to make certain all debris (rocks, sticks and toys and games) are taken off the lawn before you begin mowing. Loose items can project from the garden mower and cause serious harm.
Aims and objectives
In the course of design and installing an autonomous robot, the following criteria are set to fulfill its targets:
The automatic robot must cutting lawn in the surface area
The robot should not be too costly and be affordable to all
The backyard mower chopping tool can be changeable with servo motor
The robot also can be rechargeable energy with solar planer.
To offer an automated yard mower which follows a programmed avenue of data point without the utilization of calibration marker, equipment and lighting, wire connections, or buried conductors
To provide an automated backyard mower that is adaptable in programming so that it can be maneuvered to follow any physically possible avenue including crossing over itself and reversal of direction
Justification for the research
On the domestic side, many elderly and disabled enjoy yard maintenance, but are no more able to benefit from the satisfaction of preserving their own grass due to the physical requirements of traditional lawn mowing equipment. These studies (automatic yard mowers) are extremely seniors and disabled friendly with the simple.
Methodology
Automated garden mower, are mower automatically along the edge of your swath which includes been cut within or about an area of uncut grass. Which includes a sensor assemblage mounted on the front of the mower to detect the edge of the swath by sensing the various high between uncut turf and the trim lawn in the swath. In front of the lawn mower, also received a one touch sensor, that means it'll be automated avoid collision with hurdles along its pathway. Programmed lawn mower also can adjustable the slicing tool about 1cm~3cm, this function is allow end user choose which level with the turf. This mower using the solar planer to create the energy, and rechargeable lithium battery, allow mower moving more time.
Conclusion
Automatic lawn cutters are green (no petrol, olive oil or emissions). No need bagging and disposal of clippings is eliminated. In addition, it can healthy and beautiful looking grass. In addition to environmental security, can also save user time and money.
Chapter 2 : Books review
Most people do not connect air pollution with mowing the backyard. Yet emissions from lawn mowers, snow blowers, chain saws, leaf vacuums, and similar outdoor vitality equipment are a significant source of air pollution. Today's small motors emit high degrees of carbon monoxide, a colorless, odorless, poisonous gas. They also emit hydrocarbons and nitrogen oxides, contaminants that donate to the formation of ozone. While ozone occurs naturally in the upper atmosphere and shields the earth from harmful radiation, ozone at walk out is a noxious pollutant. Ground-level ozone impairs lung function, inhibits seed growth, and it is a key component of smog.
Each weekend, about 54 million Americans mow their lawns, using 800 million gallons of gas per season and producing a great deal of air pollutants. Garden equipment motors, which have acquired unregulated emissions until very recently, emit high levels of carbon monoxide, volatile organic ingredients and nitrogen oxides, producing up to 5% of the nation's polluting of the environment and a good deal more in urban centers. According to the U. S. Environmental Security Agency (EPA), a normal gas powered lawn mower produces all the polluting of the environment as 43 new autos each has been powered 12, 000 a long way.
Among numerous kinds of outdoor equipment, garden mowers are an important contributor to community noise, with the blades adding up to 50% of noises (Tauro & Mann III, 1997). Lawn mowers can be equally as noisy as leaf blowers. Based on the Canadian Hearing Contemporary society (1991), lawn mowers can emit 80-96 dB(A) when measured at a distance of three foot.
Like gas-powered leaf blowers, gas-powered lawn mowers emit air pollutants. As indicated in Desk 4 below, these air pollutants include hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides and particulate matter.
These emissions symbolize significantly less than 5% of the total emissions of these individual pollutants in Canada, except for hydrocarbons, that happen to be practically 14% of total hydrocarbon emissions (Environment Canada, 1994).
Two-stroke yard mowers tend to be more polluting than four-stroke models. For instance, one study found that yard mowers with two-stroke motors emit hydrocarbons at an average rate more than seven times the pace of emission from garden mowers with four-stroke motors (Priest et al. , 2000). Evaporative gasoline emissions from grass mowers are approximated to be 5. 8 grams/day (Wong, 2001). Lawn mowers can become more polluting than driving a car. One half-hour of yard mowing with an average walk-behind mower produces all the hydrocarbon emissions as traveling a 1995 car for approximately 100 miles or 160 kilometres (California Air Resources Board, 2000). A Swedish analysis discovered that the emissions produced from a backyard mower engine unit during one hour of operation were around 4000 g/h; this is related to driving a car more than 150 km in a car with a three-way catalytic converter (Christensen & Westerholm, 2001).
Both lawn mower users and bystanders can be exposed to sound and air pollutant emissions. Information from Figures Canada signify that there were 5, 850, 000 garden mowers in Canada in 1985, nearly all which were gas-powered (73. 3%). There were comparatively fewer electric (23. 9%) and drive mowers (2. 8%) (Environment Canada, 1994). Most yard mowers that exist in the Canadian market place are imported (Maillette, 2001). Regarding to information obtained from Figures Canada, 126 walk-behind lawn mowers were brought in into Canada during 1996-1999. Figures on domestic development of yard mowers are not available from Industry Canada (Maillette, 2001).
Automatic garden mower (e. g. , yard mowers) contribute to noise and air pollution that can adversely affect human health and the environment, lessen sound, exhaust and evaporative emissions from lawn/garden equipment and protect general public health.
Chapter 3 : Strategy development and evaluation
Timing Belt
Belt drivers are offers a convenient opportinity for transferring power from one shaft to another. Belt are generally necessary to reduce the higher rotative swiftness of electric motors to the low ideals required by mechanised equipment. But in this project are contrary, because the lowering tools desire a top speed to use. Normally in commercial, are employing two general type of belt driver, v-belt and timing belt (synchronous belt).
Since the expense of v-belt is relatively low, the energy output of your v-belt system may be increased by working several belts side by side. All belts in the drive should stretch at the same time rate in order to keep the load similarly divided among them. When one of the belts breaks, the whole group must usually be changed. The drive may be willing at any perspective with a tight aspect at either the most notable or bottom level. Since belts can are powered by relatively small pulleys, large reduction of the speed within a drive are possible.
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Pitch diameter of the pulley P = No tooth on pulley x
Drop distance d =
Belt contact angle ± = arc sin [C = centre distance]
Belt fall size fl =
Contact period small pulley CL2 =
Contact length big pulley CL1 =
Belt duration L = 2(fl) + CL1+ CL2
Total number of teeth on belt =
Big pulley, P1 = No teeth on pulley x
= 38 x
= 61. 4465mm
Small pulley, P2 = No tooth on pulley x
= 18 x
= 29. 1063mm
Drop distance, d =
=
= 16. 1701mm
Belt contact viewpoint, ± = arc sin [C = centre distance]
= arc sin
= 7. 87
Belt fall size , fl =
= 116. 9815mm
Contact size small pulley, CL2 =
=
= 41. 7221mm
Contact span big pulley, CL1 =
= 61. 4465
= 104. 9601mm
Belt size, L = 2(fl) + CL1+ CL2
= 2(116. 9815mm) + 104. 9601mm + 41. 7221mm
= 380. 6452mm
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Using micromagic system software determine the belt size.
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Imperial XL section
ht = 1. 27mm
p = 5. 08mm
hs = 2. 30mm
Spur gear
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Spur Equipment Formula
14 degree
Pressure Angle
20 and 25 degree
Pressure angle
Addendum, a
a =
a =
Dedendum, b
b =
b =
Pitch diameter, D
D =
D =
Outside diameter, Do
Do =
Do =
Number of tooth, N
N = D x P
N = D x P
Tooth thickness, t
t =
t =
Whole depth, ht
ht =
ht =
Clearance, c
c =
c =
Center distance, C
C =
C =
Working depth, hk
hk =
hk =
Chordal tooth thickness, tc
tc = D sin ()
tc = D sin ()
Chordal addendum, ac
ac = a +
ac = a +
Diametral pitch, P
P =
P =
Center distance, C
C =
C =
Ball and roller bearings
A ball bearing usually includes four parts: an interior ring, an outside engagement ring, the balls and the cage or separator. To improve the contact area and invite larger loads to be carried, the ball run in curvilinear grooves in the rings. The radius of the groove is just a bit bigger than the radius of the ball, and very little amount of radial play must be provided. The bearing it thus allowed to adapt itself to small amounts of angular misalignment in the assembled shaft and mounting. The separator maintains the balls evenly space and inhibits them from coming in contact with each in the edges, where their relative velocities will be the greatest.
Ball bearings are made in a wide variety of type and size. Solitary row radial bearings are made in four series. "Extra light, light, medium, and heavy", for each bore, as illustrated in Fig 1
