Introduction
This task is undertaken to understand the words ambiguity and its own constituents. A vocabulary is used to convey the idea or idea to the audience or the recipient from communicator part. It may happen that the decoder or the recipient don't realize the sentence in a way, in which they are designed for.
1. " Two Sisters Reunited After 18 Years At Checkout Counter "
Two Sister Reunited after 18 years [at checkout counter-top]
Two sisters reunited after 18 years at checkout counter1 (a) 1(b)
The Phrase "Two Sisters Reunited After 18 Years At Checkout Counter " has been shown above by making use of tree diagrams. . 1 (a) and 1 (b)
Interpretation:
1(a)
Suggest the phrase and therefore two sister reunited after 18 years at the checkout counter of a shopping center or at any other premises. It means that they meet after a long time after 18 years.
1 (b)
Argue that on the funny part that it's been taken a long 18 season to clear the checkout counter hence both sisters meet after 18 years. This cannot be possible in a real scenario that such a long time has been taken to clear the checkout counter for the sisters.
2. " Man Eating Piranha Mistakenly Sold As Pet Fish"
2 (e)
A man who's eating a piranha which was mistakenly sold as a pet fish
A piranha of the man-eating variety which was mistakenly sold as a dog or cat fish2 (a)
A man mistakenly eating a piranha that was sold as a pet fish
A man sold as a pet seafood who is mistakenly eating a piranha. 2 (b)
2 (d)
A man, eating a piranha, who himself was mistakenly sold as a pet seafood. 2 (c )
Interpretation:
2 (a) means a man is eating piranha which was sold to by mistake as a pet fish, hence man is innocent and don't know about the piranha, he was eating. He's eating the piranha as a simple fish without having to be alert to this characteristics of the seafood.
2 (b) Here the person who's eating piranha sold the pet fish. Here the subject is man who sold your pet fish while eating a piranha.
2 (c) From this we can imagine the man being himself sold as a pet seafood while he was eating piranha. The man was eating piranha and he being sold simultaneously.
2 (d) Here the blunder is of man a not the same as 2 (a) where in fact the fault is of seller. Here the eater made the problem and in error he eats the piranha which was sold as a pet fish.
2 (e) this may also be referenced Piranha could be name given to anything else apart from the fish varieties. Hence Piranha could be other editable variety that was sold as a pet fish in error.
For Example: "Mary bought a brand new Hitachi radio. It had been in Selfridge's home window. Later, when Joan saw it, she too chose it would be good purchase. "
a) Here the part of the above phrase "it was in Selfridge's windowpane" is a ambiguous statement. A full sure collection full specs of the aforementioned sentence can't be given it can result in two so this means as the referent of the pronoun cannot be specified. Like it can be bodily present in Selfridge windowpane.
b) In other circumstance it could be one of the numerous Hitachi radio that were offered by Selfridge's windows. Hence the ambiguity is there but this will depend after the decoder or receiver how she or he perceive things.
3. " Lawmen from Mexico Barbecue Friends "
Lawmen from Mexico Barbecue Guests
Lawmen from Mexico [Barbecue Friends]
3 (a) 3(b)
3 (a)
Lawmen from Mexico has barbecue his guests a funny ambiguity means the Lawmen a Noun has cooked properly his guest.
3(b)
I explain Lawmen is person belong or via Mexico is the guest for the day at barbecue party or evening meal.
For example:
"I watched some playful children and some happy pups from the playground"
The argument upon this sentence is possible by two ways. How ambiguous the phrase is has been shown in square brackets to denote constituency.
a) I watched [some playful children plus some happy pet dogs] from the playground.
Here the playground qualifies for the viewers not for the playful children and happy dogs hence the viewing has been occurred form the play surface and the individual see the playful children plus some happy pups in a place apart from the play ground.
(b) [I observed [some playful children and some happy dogs from the playground]]
Here the playground qualifies for the kids and some happy dogs rather than for the individual who is looking at them hence the playful children plus some happy dogs are at ground as the watchful person is not at ground.
4. " Enraged Cow Injures Farmer With Axe "
Enraged Cow injures farmer with Axe
4 (a) 4 (b)
An enraged farmer injures a Cow with an axe
4 (a) It simple claim that a agitated cow injures farmer with Axe. However this is not possible what sort of cow can assault over farmer with Axe. As cow have no idea the art the of manipulation of Axe. But the simple interpretation of the word says that the enraged cow injures farmer with Axe.
4 (b) If we rearrange the wording by little and form a new sentence by new arrangement, we reached to a meaningful final result. An enraged farmer injures a cow with an axe which could be possible as it argue that the angered farmer injures the cow with an axe.
Answer 5
Question 5: Sentence structure (grammatical functions)
Syntactic Category:
A syntactic category can be of two types either a phrasal category it offers two part noun term and verb phrase. It can further be decomposed into samll-2 syntactic categories or in other way lexical category, such as noun, verb, prepositions, etc. Which further cannot be decomposed?
Basically there are just three conditions available in determining syntactic categories.
The kind of indicating it expresses
The kind of affixes it takes
The structure where it occurs
While attracting a linguistic tree it needs to be keep in head that the remaining area of the arrow can suggest phrasal categories while lexical categories cannot be on the remaining aspect of the arrow. Rationally lexical categories are known as part off talk. Any phrase can be broken down into part of conversation with a subject, verb, prepositions, adjectives, items etc so forth. (Linguistics: an intro to terminology and communication)
Grammatical Function:
From the grammatical viewpoint a grammatical function can be defined as a functional romance or grammatical marriage between the individuals in syntax. For instance: subject, adjunct, complement, object etc. it should be noted down these are different from the semantic notions of agent and patient. It can be demonstrate by the actual fact that the how the English passive tone change the agent and patient relationship how the thing became subject and a subject became thing.
a) [The girl who lives in the caravan] [[finally] told [her future spouse] [the fact]]
the syntactic group of the first sentence [the female who lives in the caravan] is lexical category. The woman is noun, which lives are mod, the verbal part is lives and in caravan is the object part. [Finally] is other verbal part. [Her future husband] here the noun part is her that is a pronoun and future husband is the thing or verbal part.
Here the woman is a doer and action oriented the noun. Who's an interrogatory expression which discussed who reside in the caravan this is the woman herself? The near future husband is thing to whom the reality being told.
b) [After the news about the baby], [Alfie] [noticed [a total fool]]
[After the news about the baby] is alone a full syntax or sentence. Here the noun phrase is the infant and verbal part is following the media about is conjunctions and prepositions. [Alfie] is the persona it can be male or female not gender specific it's a noun a subject noun part. Was feeling is verb which infers that the Alfie land after as soon he/she heard the news about the baby. [A total fool] it seems to be another additional syntax. Without this syntax the sentence is at it was complete though by addition to the it gives a new so this means to the word. It really is itself a objective or verbal key phrase this was discussed the noun as a complete fool total adjective and fool can be noun.
c) [Many viewers] [consider [Alfie] [an unlikely father-figure]]
The first area of the sentence [many audiences] many is the quantum part it is itself is a part of verbal term many viewers will be the noun who had been involve in seeing. Consider as a thought of audience about the Alfie how and what they think about Alfie. [alfie] the in the syntax is again a noun part while in the phrase [consider [Alfie] [an improbable father-figure]] it is noun part too here it has been spoken to consider alfie is unlikely father -shape. [An likely father-figure] is a verbal part. Likely is the verb which describes the viewer's thoughts and opinions about the Alfie.
Discussion
It is common practice among British teacher to go over about metaphor. And it can be better understood by applying the reasoning of metaphor as almost all of the college student is having some understanding and understanding of metaphor. Hence metaphor is considered for example to comprehend the grammatical form and their fuction. We will understand it taking the example of men and women and their job.
There are just two type of men and women on the planet earth man and female. Since we do stay in this real life hence the idea of two types of folks or form is relatively easy for us to grasp. So, both kinds of people are:
Man
Woman
But the job in which both of these people are engaged are multiple or many. It might be a instructor, doctor, mother, dad, doctor, engineer, administrator, supervisor etc. occupations are the function which people do hence they are the functions of individuals for example
Mother
Father
Teacher
Doctor
Lawyer
Engineer
There are just two form (man and woman) while the function for these varieties are unlimited for example (teacher, mom, father, doctor etc). The forms are what the people look like and the functions are what they do.
It is not essential that the man form of people can deal with all the function, for example a man can not be a mother or a female cannot be a father. A guy can be dad as well as doctor too. A woman can be a mother as well as professor too. Hence it could or might not exactly be possible for a fore to perform one or more than one function or any specific function. But for a function may or might not exactly be performed by any form.
Answer 6
The given is the set of utensils commonly found in kitchen. After carrying on the sensible activity as asked in the question accessible, the results were found. The following are your kitchen utensils determined by the 3 participants
Participant 1
bread-bin
fork
frying pan
knife
microwave
mixer
oven
plate
spoon
toaster
Participant 2
teacup
teapot
spoon
wooden spoon
oven
microwave
plate
bowl
chopping board
fork
Participant 3
toaster
nutcracker
saucer
saucepan
salad spinner
sink-plunger
sink plug
bowl
plate
blender
Rating of the utensils as compiled by the first 3 individuals were the following:-
Participant A
bread- bin - 3
fork - 2
frying skillet - 2
knife - 1
microwave -3
mixer -3
oven -2
plate - 1
spoon - 3
toaster -1
Participant B
teacup 3
teapot -2
spoon -1
wooden spoon -4
oven -3
microwave -3
plate -2
bowl - 2
chopping board -7
fork -3
Participant C
toaster -2
nutcracker -4
saucer -2
saucepan -4
salad spinner -5
sink-plunger -5
sink plug - 5
bowl -2
plate -2
blender -3
Prototype theory, fundamentally aims to comprehend the nouns commonly used in day-to-day practice for learning the problem accessible for the daily activities (Ross, 2006; Geeraerts, 2006; Evans and Green, 2006). Both these research workers quite well labored on the theory of prototype to understand the cultural stereotypes. Ross (2006) divides the prototypes into 4 categories such as:-
Vagueness
There are chances for the vagueness of some of the items. There are certain items such as sink plunger and sink plug, which look sometimes common. Members are sometimes mixed up with what. There are occasions that the utensils have to be remembered for use. However, almost all of the other utensils were plainly recalled by the members. The participants used the utensils, which are very common in practice. These utensils are found of everyday used in the kitchen's day- to- day activities. Therefore, the utensils with vagueness were recalled in mind for clarification before the participants.
Typicality
There are chances that the similar products have different level of typicality. The products shall not have that level of complexity fastened with them. Nutcracker, for a good example is one of the products with quite higher-level of complexity attached with it. The respondents have although, easily posted the utensils such as dish, spoon, bowl etc. These utensils are found in common used in the kitchen. This acted as the major factor to wthhold the memory space of people for these utensils.
Genericity
Some of the products are quite common at the most instances. However, the products, which do not have common practice to be kept in mind, are also thereon. The genericity of certain products create the need for comprehensive thought on the merchandise. The spoon and dish for a good example, will be the generally used products in your kitchen.
Opacity
It is not a simple task to divide the products into groups. There is certainly the necessity for clear knowledge of the products at hand. This can help in formulation of groups of different kinds. The categories were created based on the product of preference, and their features included, and the effectiveness and need of the product in your kitchen.
Thus, there will vary types of utensils being found of common practice in your kitchen. These products are easy to remember and are used more and more in kitchen businesses. The individuals (individuals in this case) tend to be prone to make use of these utensils, and are thus more easily able to recall the merchandise in their list. These products have cool features attached with them. For instance, spoon and solid wood spoon are common words for some extend. These are used more and more in a similar manner. Therefore, the individuals did not need to put on a lot of their initiatives to recall these products at once.
Utensils such as saucer and sauce skillet are somewhat related conditions. The Participant 3 was able to recall these utensils in a stream. The primary reason for this might be because of the relatedness of these products. Additionally, sink plunger and sink plug are also the related conditions. The 3rd participant was able to identify these products also at once. Therefore, there are a few of the merchandise of common practice. However, others are not commonly found in your kitchen for daily use. The merchandise of more use are easily shown by the participants, whereas for the hardly ever used ones, it is required that they memorise them before listing. However, with respect to the use and need of these utensils, the members listed them in several order. They also have covered different selection of products in their list. The factor again depends upon ones' use and need of the merchandise.
Answer 7
From the list of words provided, I have selected 'guess' term. Using this word, the below areas could have ten illustrations at place. Although there are n volume of sentences that can be developed from any grammar phrase, but according to the requirement, I have made use of the word to create here 10 examples. The search on web acquired provided me with very large number of instances to pick from, but I have tried to do selecting examples for each and every of the 10th (or sometimes may be more then that) selection. The concentrate I had fashioned used is to attempt to cover wide range of areas to write different kind of cases hereon. The below are the instances written in my own words:-
The word estimate in dictionary means (The American Traditions, 2009; Murphy, 2010):-
To anticipate about anything, minus the sufficient available information
To assert about anything without complete details
Word Guess
My previous birthday was an amazing event for me personally. I guess; I had been floating in the air due to the grant arrangement done by my parents to observe the day for me.
Hereon, the loudspeaker made use of the word 'estimate' to exemplify his previous birthday party in which he enjoyed the day and experienced like he was floating in the air. The 'floating in air' here means that he would remember your day scheduled to importance fastened with it. Thus, the use of word here's not exactly in line with the dictionary meaning, even though interpretation is same.
The blue sky is today protected with clouds. I assume it would rain.
Hereon, the speaker assumes that it could rain from the limited information he has. He is estimating that rainfall would happen as a result of clouds throughout and does not utilize other information resources, such as weather forecast or any other source to identify moisture level etc.
My net e book is no longer working today. I guess there may be some problem with the software of it credited to some trojan attack.
Hereon, as the presenter says that his online book is no longer working properly, he assumes that there is the condition in software area of the net book (not the hardware part according to his declaring) and this is due to the attack of virus.
I had worked hard to prepare for exams during my previous summer. I guess I would top the school this time.
Here, the presenter assumes that his effort would make him attain good grades in the class assessment, so that he can attain top position in the school.
I speculate you are squeezing against my proposal in the company, as the boss is not amusing me any more now.
Here, the loudspeaker is suspicious about the change in behavior of his manager. He assumes it because of his the other person. Thus, the dictionary so this means is well found in the example for this case.
The overall economy is bettering now after the crash of overall economy of US in the entire year 2008; I guess it would not happen again.
The speaker here's making an assumption from very limited information. According to his words, the present economy is improved now following the problems- situation for the year 2008, and he assumes from this, that the overall economy would continue its development and would not are unsuccessful further. This seems to be very challenging assumption created by him.
My son had failed in his previous examination credited to his harmful situation during tests, but now he's perfectly fit to provide the exams. I guess he would rating well this time around.
Here dad says that his child had failed in the last examination due to his poor situation. This time around, he makes an assumption that his son would rating well this time due to his well being. Again, this is in line with the meaning of the term 'guess'.
Brazil experienced performed great in the last soccer against Britain. I guess Brazil is retaining good fitness of its players.
Here the presenter makes assumption from the nice performance of Brazilian team, that its players are physically fit. This is due mainly to the reason why that the team players are undertaking good. Thus, the speaker has used the word guess in the right manner.
My all students are working hard night and day to score high grade in this exam. I guess this motivation is due to the meeting they attended the other day.
Here, the professor assumes that his students are progressively making efforts to get better markings in the school. This is due mainly to the reason that that they had attended the discussion of motivation last week. Thus, it is assumed that the convention has helped the students to work hard for getting better grades.
My uncle is great in stock market analysis. I guess he got the right decision to purchase the shares of XYZ Company.
Hereon, the speaker assumes that the strong understanding of his uncle, in currency markets would not are unsuccessful. He assumes that his uncle could not make any wrong decision. Uncle's investment in the stocks of company XYZ wouldn't normally be a wrong decision as per the assumption of presenter. Thus, the meaning of the term estimate is again similar to that of the dictionary interpretation hereon.
Thus, there is quite a merged approach within the results. They are quite good dictionary interpretation at almost all of the circumstances. However, the first word, in spite of the similar interpretation, is used in another type of manner.
Answer 8
The session here uses discourse strategies to explore the talk of Tony Blair. Discourse strategies are very one common way to judge the strategy employed by the speaker (or loudspeakers) to talk about their thoughts with others. In this technique, it becomes essential for one to evaluate the discourse in a thorough manner. Zammuner (1981) designed these discourse strategies. The discourse is approximately the sociable and linguistic context to describe the way in which the speaker shares his thoughts before the whole genera. The person also uses the way of rephrasing. However, at some of the circumstances, he used quite common ways of explanations.
The loudspeaker in the given details has made use of the narrative discourse strategy. He is recalling everything he previously experienced right from the start. The presenter has used descriptive sentences in his speech. The socio cultural knowledge researched well by Drew (1992) has been explored in the speech. The speaker started out with an attempt to thank those people who got helped him in a single or the other way to be at such a posture. The author had then used his narrative method of describe his recent. He discussed the problem with all the people around to spell it out the ways that he started with the task. There is absolutely no standard pattern where, the discourse strategy of linguistic nature and interactional aspect correlate with the other person (Stubbe, 1999). There will be the requirement to follow group of patterns to be able to attain benefits.
The author acquired primarily used the methodology for transmitting of his sentences to the audience. The use of socio linguistic procedure by him assists with creating an environment in which all the audience feels comfortable to be their. The sensual lines used by the speaker such as
"It's about camaraderie, fine art, culture, sport. It's about being a completely paid up person in the people before being truly a totally paid up member of the Labour party. "
These lines demonstrate the amount of sense in which loudspeaker says that he lived in the very good environment, which is packed with comfort. These details have raised the attention of the audience. The sufficient words determined listeners to adopt a pastime in reading. These adds to the liveliness of the conversation. The speaker in addition has thanked all the people because of their support in one or the other way to make him reach to the positioning he reached at present.
The speaker experienced also made an effort to help make the environment cool utilizing his sense of humour. His sentence
"I know I look a whole lot elderly. That's what being leader of the Labour get together does to you. "
Is accompanied by the sentence
"Actually, looking round a few of you look a great deal older. "
This proved that he thanked the individuals for considering him as an important area of the society. Just after this thought, he said that he is continuing to grow older in the task place. This is said with an effort to make the joyous circumstance in the hall. He followed this word by stating that he is not only the old person, but others are even old then him. Thus, the strategy made use of the funny environment to keep the liveliness of the environment. The people significantly took interest in his conversation.
The confidence of the presenter shall be appreciated. He has used a common sense of deviation in his talk to make the scenario more interesting. His thoughts started out from enough time he started out being the area of the society. He discussed how he visited the John Burton in a narrative manner. Further, he explored just how he got response from John Burton at his home. This helped him in knowing that the human beings are of top priority. The human beings should get credited importance for handling any process. These should not be dismissed. The socio linguistic environment should be there for one and all. Individuals shall actively take part in the speech program by causing the exciting environment. There should not be any insufficient confidence in the individuals participating in any talk.
He added that the personnel of NHS was of quite importance to make them reach to the level. The info exchange is of supreme importance, without which, the task practices can are unsuccessful abruptly (Coupland, 1991; Borjars, 2010).
Overall, the presenter in writing his thoughts before the whole group has used a very good way. His ideas have been obviously explored. He has made good use of the politics sort of speech to catch the attention of the people's attention (Holmes, 1999). The circulation of the complete speech was quite appreciable. The presenter has made good use of the chosen discourse ways of cover wide range of topics and catch the attention of the attention of listeners. All the individuals must have been quite damaged by his speech. The narration of days gone by record of the loudspeaker was well recognized showing his level of satisfaction being thereon with the population. The strategic selection of individuals to consider increasingly more folks as an important asset was also done. The loudspeaker has used his discourse strategies for covering these vast range of topics to explore his ideas.
However, he might have made somewhat more interesting environment by using the conversational discourse strategy where all the individuals would have been participating in the discussion. That could have put into the importance of the conversation procedure of Blair.
