Second dialect acquisition theory studies methods of learning other terminology. And Krashen's theory is the most important one. Suggestions hypothesis is the kernel notion of Second dialect acquisition of Krashen, and it can be valuable for our British classroom coaching.
Introduction
According to Ellis (1985), Second terminology acquisition means the process of learning another language (except local vocabulary) by mindful research or unconscious acquire under advice or natural situation.
There are numerous ideas about second words acquisition, such as Input theory of Swain, Krashen's second words acquisition theory. Swain (1985) argues that vocabulary result is also important for second language research. But in this information, we will give attention to the idea of Source Hyperthesis.
Stephen Krashen did many studies on second terms analysis, and his theory made him a specialist in neuro-scientific linguistics, especially ideas of vocabulary acquisition and development. Krashen's theory becomes increasingly more popular and important because the 1980's, which is widely used in every areas of dialect research and teaching. All his ideas about second vocabulary study consist of five parts: the Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis, the Monitor Hypothesis, the Natural Order Hypothesis, the Suggestions hypothesis and the Affective Filter Hypothesis.
According to Krashen's (1981) analysis, so this means is less important in vocabulary acquire. Acquiring a dialect is "picking up" a terms, which means producing capability in a terminology by it in natural communicative situation. It can also be found that, many successful vocabulary learners are always keep silent in communication, favor to hear others. They acquire when they concentrate what's been said, however, not how it is stated, that is, they always acquire when terminology is utilized for communication real ideas somewhat than focusing on rules of words study.
Classroom coaching almost is the only form of our own English coaching and students can hardly ever acquire English knowledge by different ways. In our English classroom study, dialect study is operating as study the guidelines, having a mindful knowledge about grammar and so on. Teachers often instruct students the rule of British, such as: present tense, infinitives.
The theory of Input Hypothesis
According to Krashen(1981), the Suggestions Hypothesis is the kernel theory of his second language acquisition. His type hypothesis theory clarifies how to get a second language, that means, it explains how second vocabulary acquisition occurs.
Krashen argues that terms study should concerned with "acquisition", however, not "learning". The previous is more important than the second option. Acquisition and learning are two different functions. Acquisition means learners absorb a spanish unconsciously by training with outside the house world, and can put it to use fluently accurately. "Learning" means learners analyze a spanish consciously and try to understand its guideline. Krashen (1982) is convinced that learners can analyze language by detailed language suggestions, which is the required condition of acquire a foreign language. Only once information input is detailed, learners can acquire the spanish well, because comprehensive information can impact favorably on language review.
According to Krashen(1983), comprehensive language suggestions is the key factor of vocabulary acquire, that is, acquirers can move from stage "i", where represents present competence, to "i+1", the next level by understanding suggestions which includes "i+1". "understanding" or "comprehensive" means that learners concentrate on the meaning however, not the proper execution of the info.
Also, the Input Hypothesis claims that insight information will include "i+1" as a neccesary condition for dialect acquisition, but it is not enough. If students comprehend the input meaning, "i+1" will be offered. Which means, if communication is prosperous, "i+1"is provided automatically.
Implication of the Insight Hypothesis in English Classroom Teaching
Theory of Krashen (1981), especially insight Hypothesis, will heavy impact on English teaching research and practice. At present, almost all British teaching adopt classroom teaching form, and most students learn British by listening to what instructor said on course, doing homework after course, and attending a myriad of exam. Type Hypothesis is important to English classroom teaching, and instructors can enhance their teaching potential and achieve satisfied teaching results by using Source Hypothesis theory well.
Teachers used to emphasis on grammar, guidelines, doing plenty of exercises, but rarely got chances for students to touch, use, conclude words rules themselves in practice. So that, students obtained little understanding suggestions information on class, which limited development and improvement with their English level.
And now, "student central" coaching form is hardly ever used in classroom teaching. Also types of exams, such as CET, CET, TOFEL, press students seriously, so that, instructors and students stay in the dirt of research exercises and exams, which results many high report students cannot use British skillfully, fluently in realistic society.
Combine the research on Second Dialect Acquisition and current British study, is can be seen that, internal factors and outdoor factors both effect the study results of students. Internal factors include research ability, emotion, era, personas, which related to learners themselves. Outdoor factors refer to social culture environments, class room training, and opportunities of using British after category. Beebe (1985) argued that learner-internal and exterior factors would affect model preferences.
According to Second Dialect Acquisition, English research process is also a process of psychology participant, a process of obtaining, depositing, tidying and using source message. And the procedure can be completed under good terminology environments and dialect input.
Study the theory of Second Words Acquisition, especially Input Hypothesis, and use its rules to steer current English school room teaching are important to reform English classroom teaching methods and improve English teaching quality. There are four ideas below:
Modification of the instructor talk
As mentioned previously, the quality of input message is vital for English school room teaching.
First, enforce quality of professors. Teachers' capacity is one of the main factors of class teaching. Good educators shouldn't only have sufficient language capability, but also understanding of psychology about coaching. They should also master rules and specialties of terms acquisition, and may use them in daily school room teaching well.
Language acquisition research workers think that educators are not only instruction and source, not only management and commend of students, but also participants, co-workers, subsidiary mindset followers of students. Educators can encourage learners to use necessary analysis strategy in studying to be able to accelerate review progress.
According to Hedge (2000), responsibility of teachers are providing analysis plans, managing mutual activities, controlling research, explaining problems and review feedback. An excellent teacher ought to know the function and responsibility of analysis guidance. Alternatively, learners should take part in whole category design, choice research progress; provide review activities, which related much to whether review will succeed at last.
Teachers should improve both their indigenous and spanish. Because good express of native dialect is very helpful for students to understanding terms input message. Frequent, natural terms in both indigenous and foreign language can afford service to students to comprehend. Neutral and concrete vocabulary and grammatically well-formed phrases are also ideal for learners to obtain additional comprehensive message. It is also clear that learners can comprehensive better when instructors use the same words to express some meaning, however, not different words. Keeping recurrent stimulations to learners can induce them absorb relevant knowledge and have more opportunities to comprehend.
Second, improve information quality. Professors should improve quality and quantity of language input, so that, teaching can reach "i+1"level. Professors should choose different suggestions methods corresponding to learners' capability or other factors. Also some fresh, interesting resources should be implemented in classroom coaching, that means, except content material in class, teachers can train students more subject matter issues, more style essay, politic problems, hot society problems and so on. Students should be prompted to do more reading and hearing, which can enrich their terminology input.
In addition, the speed of talk is also very important to students to keep in mind second language input. Some investigations show that, proper rate have a discussion in English on classroom coaching can increase the understand capability of students. On the other hand, if the speed of conversation is not appropriate by professors, it will be difficult for students to grasp what's said, and the discussing information may be "noise" for the coffee lover, even it can make sure they are stress, disappointed, uninterested to pay attention what is said, which will be negative for second words study. Therefore, educators should focus on their discussing rate, talking highlight, talking acceleration, do more exercise on English speech, adapt to students' understanding, which can improve insight messages impact ion a good deal.
Establishment of the student-centered coaching mode
Traditional teaching model is teacher-centered, which will make students be costumed to study and use English passively. Most knowledge learners get is from instructors' chatting in course and main content in category is about sentence structure, rules and so on. English is obviously acted as knowledge for students to review, remember and exercises and learners make an effort to recite more words, make some phrase without errors, and know very well what is written in English. Even though some good students can surface finish above well, they can not speak it well expressing themselves, cannot follow English Television set, broadcast, that is, they can not adapt to foreign language living situation easily. So educator centered model is limited to improve learners' quality and quantity of input information, and it is harmful to increase students interesting on second vocabulary study, not ideal for students to develop their potential on language using. Thomas (1983) described a pragmatic inability is more distinctive in communication and Kasper (1992) needed more researches in nonstructural aspects. So "the teachers-centered" teaching model has already been not conform to the introduction of society, and new coaching model is essential for students to own.
There are a great many other approaches for students to comprehend what's being said in English to them, for example, consistent use of visual, and giving them more chances expressing what they think, providing opportunities for them to chat or communicate in English, also companied with gesture is pleasant. Let learners know second vocabulary is just a tool we can used to express our idea, and much more hearing and speaking is very helpful to make progress in grasping it soon. That means, students centered teaching model is recommended to be trusted in English school room coaching, which can increase learners' activity, interesting on English study greatly.
According to Krashen (1981), unconscious learning process to acquire language can only just be succeed in the natural situation. Under "student-centered" teaching function, learners' creativities and activities can be aroused, which make them accept the outside information actively and be a part of class gladly. Class coaching time is not a lot of, so professors should make full use the limited time to give more chances of speaking and connecting practices for learners. For instance, teachers can choose a hot topic in current or some problems students care for to appeal to students in class. Say some notion of professors' own, make a good example first, and require students to keep up with or provide different ideas. All students can be divided into several communities also, and every learner can have chance expressing his own judgment on this matter. Contract or disagreement idea can be spoken in each group, and head of every group can conclude all view and give a complete state. Group market leaders may be asked to provide a speech before the blackboard and answer some questions. Thus, what learners have said and their view expressed are centered, but not whether correct grammar and tense are widely-used. The main finding of the aforementioned practice is the fact that, professor should guide and encourage learners' interesting to take pleasure from their hobby or significant topic and make them feel easy, interested and by natural means in English school room teaching, however, not let them feel much burden to reach some certain learning results, such as grades. In another words, "student-centered" instructing mode can make learners improve enough understanding type messages to build up their ability to use applying English readily, easily and by natural means.
Introduction of the relevant record knowledge
Chinese and British are different at many aspects. For instance, Chen (1987) focused on the reasonable pitch dissimilarities of the two dialects. Although they are different terminology, some learning methods are same. Educators should make an effort to make a good environment for students to understand. For instance, to ensure what is trained can be sufficiently understandable, some qualifications knowledge or histories are immensely important to provide to students. Instead, relevant message about school content is vital to improve terminology input quality. According to some research workers, master a second language by using the language and its culture together is actually a short lower than only using dialect itself. The technique of combine words and its own culture may also be applied in British classroom teaching, because it will not only provides learners knowledge, but can also arouse their fire of learning second terminology.
Each text message is not isolated, as a phrase has its own framework. And contexts often do beneficial to understand. The identical phenomenon also is out there in English class room teaching. For instance, when teachers bring in articles to students, they can talk much more backdrop on relevant history, actor, actress, time, reason, and so on. More info about this article is good to increase study interesting, and also helpful for learners to understand the complete article well, get better at what's want to express easily. More advantages of a concern will enrich its depth, make history more remarkable, people more vividly, picture more brilliant, and each one of these make input information more complete.
Application of the multimedia system technology
Techniques of terminology acquire is challenging to grasp very quickly, not like other types of skills. So, it is more abstract and hard to learn completely. A good study environment is essential for learners to study well. Instructors should try to make a real language situation for students to imitate local terms using, which can promote learners to master second words more by natural means.
In recent years, with the introduction of science, especially multimedia and network, words teaching becomes more diversiform. Modern teaching devices, especially multimedia system, computer, are trusted, which improve dialect environment in class greatly. Be famous with full function and diversiform, widely used of multi-technology in second vocabulary coaching make learners accumulate their second dialect ideas step-by-step, which can induce final appropriate grasping and communication of the foreign language abilities.
Except teachers' communicating in class, saving, Tv set, film, broadcast, network, language teaching software also can be used to apply learners' capability of language type and end result. Also, students should be motivated to do more outclass reading and practice by all kinds of modern tools. Some of these tools can provide students brilliant picture, some can offer pure British sings and training video. And they provide acquirers high quality information to source. The Net-based multimedia system computer systems is one of the most important one of these tools.
According to Krashen, the Net-based multimedia computer systems should be widely used in English class teaching. Because language learning is directly related to the quality and level of understanding type which students received, and these input should be a tiny bit above their understanding but can be complete through inference, Net-based multimedia computers can afford this kind of coaching effective and meet all requirements. And this kind of teaching can bring depends upon into a school room, creating a good situation for second dialect learning. Under Net-based multimedia teaching function, little varieties and rules are emphasized, but what information are transfer and communicated. Students will pay more attention to what color, adobe flash, sound, pictures, circumstance are confirmed on computer, that assist those to touch second terminology wholly, directly, by natural means and realizably.
Conclusion
Above all, learning second terminology is a sophisticated and hard process, which considering consciously in nun-aimed words society environment. And it is also a completed training procedure for language knowledge, dialect approach and cross-cultural communicate ability. Review on second Dialect Acquisition, especially Input Hypothesis and second terminology teaching are match each other. Educators should use second Terms Acquisition, especially Input Hypothesis, as guidance in English classroom coaching, so that, they can establish a student-centered dynamic class method and pay more attention to learners' internal factors, which are able learners better dialect acquire environments. Using this method, studies about Second Terminology Acquire can play its full function to boost teaching level and step up instructing quality indeed.
