Ivan has a high self-esteem and a strong sense of id. There are a great many other criteria's that might be defined for him if he were psychologically healthy. Considering mental health, Jahoda (1958) brands six categories on what would classify a person of ideal and mentally stability. The first would be the ability of independently behaving out and having the ability to regulate himself, e. g. timekeeping for employment or appointments, making sure he is on time and punctual rather than being later and giving invalid excuses. The second characteristic criteria is having an accurate perception of actuality meaning he is able to set himself goals that are achievable rather than having deluded goals, e. g. endeavouring to become a nurse rather than aiming to the heights to be the prime minister. Finally, the 3rd criteria to show psychological balance would be the ability to cope using what incidents life hands you, e. g. focusing on how to carry out and create oneself for a vitally important meeting for employment.
1b)
Whilst defining abnormality in terms of mental health there are extensive talents and weaknesses Jahoda (1958)'s view and perception shows that talents come by means of:
Positive attitude towards oneself:
Having a relatively high self-esteem.
Potential for growth and development:
Displayed in personal actualisation. Maslow (1968) defines this statement as 'becoming everything that you will be capable of. ' Thus the greater things you do, the healthier you are plus more goals are achieved.
Autonomy:
Being in a position to sort out life independently if needed rather than rely on others to make judgement cell phone calls or decisions.
Resistance to stress:
The ability to cope with stressful and anxiousness provoking situations.
Accurate understanding of certainty:
To have an authentic and non-deluded view of the world whilst coinciding with not being too optimistic or pessimistic.
On the other hand there are weaknesses or restrictions to his views. These are:
Jahoda (1958)'s views are culturally specific and not a universal indication of what ideal mental health is. For instance, THE UK and the United States of America are pushed to concentrate on themselves as an individual whilst other Eastern countries are encouraged to focus on themselves as an organization who are in charge of their own family and environment rather than an individual achievements. Therefore a British resident would be classed as normal in their own country/culture but over in Asia this would be classed to be selfish.
Validity will be a major restriction to Jahoda's views has no individual on earth achieves complete ideal mental health even as, every once in awhile, therefore the good attitude view would be invalid meaning that everyone is irregular and not one person falls into the 'normal' category.
Levels of stress and the average person capabilities of dealing with them are a weakness to the views as various people work more effectively and productively under the component of stress.
Mental health criteria has changed within the last few centuries, for example experiencing voices in the 13th century intended a visit from God acquired occurred but in today's day and age it means that the person suffers from schizophrenia which means validity of Jahoda suffers as in time this will become an invalid point of standards.
2a)
Sally becomes stressed and distressed when achieving new people for the first time anticipated to her lack of self confidence in herself and the shortcoming to go out of her 'home environment'. In reality which means that sally's behaviour interferes with her everyday activities as meeting new people will halter her 'normal life'.
According to this is, failure to function adequately means a person is unable to live a normal life, e. g. go to work, form close human relationships, or in most detrimental case scenarios even venture outdoors. Whenever a particular behaviour inhibits everyday activities, it is known as being abnormal. Rosenham and Seligman recognized seven features of abnormal working, including anguish, maladaptiveness, vivid, unpredictable, irrational, observer distress and violation of ideal/moral benchmarks.
Sally is experiencing a psychological disease and of all occasions, people suffering from an illness are not always in the happiest of moods. In Sally's circumstance, she suffers from anxiety which shows out of the seven of Rosenham and Seligman's top features of irregular function, Maladaptiveness meaning her behaviour is stopping her from attaining her desired goals due to not having the ability to cope with only thing such as a conversation.
2b)
Failing to function adequately meaning of abnormality has strengths but at exactly the same time it offers weaknesses/limitations in how it is measured.
Rosenham and Seligman (1989) mentioned the most suitable method of defining mental abnormality may be to recognize a set of seven characteristics which is often classed as unnatural (as stated previously). I am looking at a few of these, they are:
Suffering: Many excessive individuals tell they are suffering and that this is a tell-tale signal of abnormality, however almost every person suffers or grieves when a person close to them falls sick or dies, or when they listen to something important to them like dropping their job, while some people handle this situation a lot better than better than others, therefore invalidating this point.
Maladaptiveness: Maladaptiveness thwarts a person from reaching goals they place themselves in life such as building a bond with a loved one, however if this is actually the case then your majority of behaviour we present is abnormal but this is due to a lack of relevant understanding of abilities to defeat these obstacles.
Violation of moral and ideal standards: Behavior may be moderated and known as abnormal when it infringes moral benchmarks recognized previously, regrettably many people neglect to keep moral high benchmarks therefore, and again, we all could belong to this group of abnormal behaviour. For instance, surviving in a residentially developed estate wouldn't normally tolerate several youths wandering the roads in the evenings with a can of alcohol in their hands, but this does indeed happen.
3a)
Alex declines the choice of putting on shoes anytime, including his voyage to university. His behaviour exhibits a deviation of social norm credited to his lack of ability and his choice not to cohere with just how his behavior should be within culture. His presentation is unnatural and undesired.
3b)
Deviant behaviour means an anti-social behaviour. Social expectations should be attained for activities to be categorized as normal such as sticking to rules, principles and moral issues. There are several strengths to this classification and also several weaknesses/restrictions. These are:
Strengths:
Setting and realizing a difference between what is classed as desirable and undesirable behavior. Actions used by an individual are examined about how they have a direct effect of others. Transgression of social rules is also regarded as social rules are considered as fundamental in assisting people live along whether that is at a family in children or young families in a neighbourhood.
Weaknesses:
The notion 'cultural deviancy' is linked to moral expectations, subjectively defined by the society, which vary from society to culture anticipated to each ones features. For example, decades ago being homosexual was viewed as anti-social rather than accepted, classing people as mentally sick. However, Szasz (1960) promises that mental disease is merely a fictional declaration used by their state in ways of increasing control over everything.
Social deviance is not immediately an awful thing. A lot of people simply choose to act the way they actually as they don't want to live a conformist lifestyle.
4a)
The psychodynamic approach place on Freud's theory that creativeness occurs from stress between conscious truth and unconscious drives and that the creative product is a way to put across unconscious desires in a publicly accepted manner. Freud submit that all human being encouragement is aimed at maximising the fulfilment of instinctual needs (especially sexual and competitive needs) and described sublimation as a diversion of energy from the pursuit of the unattainable or forbidden pleasures into socially approved endeavours.
Freud's theory of the psychodynamic approach has been further produced by his supporters. Ernst Kris (1952) initiated the theory of preconscious and considered the utilization of the principal process in creative imagination as a regression in the service of the ego. Kris's idea of the preconscious as a starting place of creative imagination was recognized by Lawrence Kubie (1958). Another important idea was the main one of dissociation. Phyllis Greenacre (1953) suggested that the ego of the future is capable enough to dissociate itself from the true objects and thus developing a love affair with the globe. Philip Wiseman (1963) advised that the near future artist as an infant, had the capability to hallucinate the mother breast independently of oral needs or, quite simply, that the creative person can dissociate his early personal life from exactly what will be creative work.
There are several key features when you are regarding to the psychodynamic methodology of psychology. The assumptions of this theory are that:
our feelings are forcefully afflicted by unconscious intentions
Our behavior and feelings as adult specimens (including psychological problems) are based and accumulated from out child years experiences.
All behavior has a reason (usually unconscious) including slips of the tongue, therefore all behavior is determined.
Personality comprises of three parts. The identification, ego and super-ego.
Behaviour is driven by two instinctual motions: Eros (the libido and life instinct) and Thanatos (the hostile drive and fatality instinct). Both these drives come from the 'identification'.
Segments of the unconscious head (the identification and superego) are in constant conflict with parts of the conscious area of the head (the ego).
The individual's personality is moulded as the drives are changed by different conflicts at differing times in youth (during the psychosexual development levels).
The timeline of the way the psychodynamic approach came into being is as comes after:
Anna O a patient of Dr. Joseph Breuer (Freud's mentor and good friend) from 1800 to 1882 suffered with hysteria.
In 1895 Breuer and his assistant, Sigmund Freud, published a reserve, Studies on Hysteria. In it they discussed their theory: Hysteria is the consequence of a traumatic experience, the one which cannot be built-into the person's knowledge of the earth.
By 1896 Freud experienced found the key to his own system, naming it psychoanalysis. In it he previously replaced hypnosis with "free connection. "
In 1900 Freud shared his first significant work, The Interpretation of Dreams, which known the importance of psychoanalytical movement.
In 1902 Freud proven the Psychological Wed Culture, later renamed in to the Vienna Psychoanalytic World. As the company develops, Freud proven an inner circle of devoted fans, the so-called "Committee" (including S ndor Ferenczi, and Hanns Sachs (status) Otto Ranking, Karl Abraham, Max Eitingon, and Ernest Jones)
Freud and his colleagues ventured to Massachusetts in 1909 to handle their new ways of understanding mental condition. Those in the number present included a few of the country's most important intellectual results, such as William James, Franz Boas, and Adolf Meyer.
The following time after the visit to america, the International Psychoanalytic Relationship was founded. Freud specified Carl Jung as his successor to lead the Connection, and chapters were created in major locations in Europe and anywhere else. Regular assemblies were kept to converse the idea, therapy, and ethnic applications of the new self-control.
Jung's focus on schizophrenia, The Psychology of Dementia Praecox, led him into relationship with Sigmund Freud.
Jung's close collaboration with Freud lasted until 1913. Jung got become steadily more critical of Freud's only sexual description of sex drive and incest. The journal of Jung's Wandlungen und Symbole der Sex drive (known in British as The Psychology of the Unconscious) auctioned advances to a final break.
Following his materialization out of this period of crisis, Jung developed his own theories systematically under the name of Analytical Mindset. Jung's principles of the merged unconscious and of the archetypes led to him exploring religious beliefs in the East and Western, misconceptions, alchemy, and later traveling saucers.
Anna Freud (Freud's little princess) became a significant figure in English mindset, specialising in the application of psychoanalysis to children. Amongst her best known works is The Ego and the System of Defence (1936).
History produced from http://www. simplypsychology. pwp. blueyonder. co. uk/psychodynamic. html
Key Features
Methodology
Collective unconsciousness (Jung)
Psychosexual development (Freud)
Unconscious brain (Freud)
Tripartite personality
Defence mechanisms (Freud)
Psychosocial development (Erikson)
Case studies (Little Hans)
Dream analysis
Free association
Projective testing (TAT, Rorschach)
Slips of the tongue (papa praxes)
Hypnosis
Basic Assumptions
Areas of Application
The significant reasons of behavior have their origins in the unconscious
Psychic determinism: all behaviour has a reason or grounds.
Behaviour is determined by instinctual drives (Eros and Thanatos)
Different parts of the unconscious head are in continuous struggle
Our behavior and feelings as men and women are rooted from our childhood experiences.
Gender role development
Therapy (psychoanalysis)
Attachment (Bowlby)
Moral development (super-ego)
Aggression (Displacement/ Thanatos)
Personality (Erikson, Freud)
Strengths
Weaknesses
Made case study method popular in psychology
Defence mechanisms
Free association
Projective assessments (TAT, Rorschach)
Highlighted the value of childhood
Dream analysis
Case studies - subjective / cannot generalise results
Unscientific (lacks empirical support)
Too deterministic (little free-will)
Biases test (e. g. middle aged women from Vienna)
Ignores Mediational techniques (e. g. thinking, memory)
Rejects free will (e. g. humanism imagine free will is present)
Unfalsifiable (difficult to demonstrate wrong)
5a)
Helen was referred to a therapist regarding her weight gain, however it is also disclosed that she is a 'chocoholic' and uses approximately ten pubs a day since her split from her spouse. Her mother states chocolate has been a major part of her eating intake since she was around 2 yrs old.
Being a chocoholic is an abnormal behaviour in comparison from 'the norm' and the rest of contemporary society however this also implies that she has received this behaviour as an extremely young newborn, possibly credited to a traumatic personal event which occurred (e. g. her parents divorcing), and with children knowingly love sweets and chocolates, her parents (either mother or father) offered her a pub of delicious chocolate to stabilise her state of mind fluctuation. Eating after a significant event in life is one of many 'coping strategies' when interacting with stress or stress and anxiety.
In coping with stress, people appear to be inclined to work with one of the three main coping techniques: appraisal-focused, problem-focused, or emotion-focused coping.
Appraisal-focused techniques occur when the individual alters just how they think, for example: utilizing denial, or distancing oneself from the trouble. People may modify just how they think regarding a difficulty by changing their goals and worth, such as by observing the humour in a situation.
People utilising problem-focused strategies attempt to deal with the cause of their problem. They do that by locating information on the challenge and learning new skills to manage the challenge.
Emotion-focused strategies entail launching unexpressed thoughts, distracting one-self, managing hostile feelings, meditating, using systematic relaxation methods, etc.
Classically, individuals use a combination of most three types of coping, and coping skills will most likely change as time passes. All these functions can establish useful, however, many argue that those using problem-focused coping strategies will regulate better for life
Men often favour problem-focused coping, whereas women tend to lean towards an emotion-focused response. Problem-focused coping systems may allow an individual a higher identified control over their problem, while emotion-focused coping may further lead to a decrease in superficial control. Certain individuals therefore feel that problem-focused mechanisms symbolise a more effective means of coping.
5b)
The behavioural approach to psychopathology, like all the methods, has many talents and limitations. A particular power would be that it has had a major influence on mindset and lots of perception into other ideas and further studies to emphasise the stableness of the cases.
One of the main strong things of the behaviourist way is the fact its focal point is only on behaviour that may be discovered and manipulated. Because of this, this process has turned out very functional in tests under laboratory circumstances where behavior can be observed and manipulated, particularly with regards to the independent changing and the based mostly variable. The behaviourist morality of learning have been, and continue being, analyzed in the laboratory where learning can be objectively assessed.
The behaviourist strategy targets the 'here and now' rather than investigating someone's history or their health background. This is an advantage because many individuals do not know the past causes for their irregular behaviour. And for many individuals getting rid of objectionable behavior may become more important than understanding the sources of such behaviour. For instance, a patron with an absurd compulsion to clean his hands unnecessarily many times every day may be satisfied simply by ridding himself of the excessive behaviour.
On the other palm, if a strategy cannot care for the underlying causes of the behaviour, chances are the do, after an uncertain amount of time, will gain. Behavioural activities such as Systematic Desensitisation and Token Economies are valuable for certain disorders, such as obsessive-compulsive disorders and phobias. However, they aren't so effective for more severe disorders, such as schizophrenia.
The behaviourist strategy has been criticised for suggesting that most human behaviour is mechanised, and that human being behaviour is simply the merchandise of stimulus-response behaviours. This seems to be an extremely reductionism frame of mind.
6)
A major positive of the cognitive way is that it solely focuses on current information-processing by the brain. It generally does not depend on the history of your client, for example, recovering repressed thoughts from the unconscious. That is an advantage as details about an individual's former tend to be unclear, irrelevant, deceptive and misremembered. However, it does seem clear a person's health background should be taken into consideration as there may be biological explanations, e. g. surplus dopamine, for their behaviour.
Many psychologists would see this slim target as a weakness. They could possible subject you may well change the client's surface thoughts but you won't be tackling the underlying reason behind the irregularity. There might also be medical, environmental and cultural influences affecting a person's behaviour. Focussing only on someone's cognition may be too fine and specific as a strategy.
Cognitive mindset has been inspired by the development in computer technology and resemblances tend to be made between what sort of computer systems and the mind process information. However, we ought to remember that the mind is a lot more complicated and processed when compared to a computer, and that people are also inspired by past encounters as well as by our ethnic encounters. Most cognitive research occurs under laboratory conditions and targets specific rather than standard problems; this may make the research studies limited in their application in real-life adjustments.
In spite of the weaknesses, the cognitive methodology has been confirmed in being useful in researching, talking about and understanding human behaviour. Loftus and Palmer's (1974) analysis of eyewitness demo reveals how recollection can be out of form and warped by post-event information, i. e. information provided after a meeting. This research revealed that ram is not only a tape recording of incidents but is a vibrant procedure that can be affected by data such as leading questions. These answers experienced a powerful effect in the 'real world'.
Finally, cognitive treatments, primarily when used in cooperation with behavioural therapy, have a good success rate in assisting clients. It really is a favourable and much-used way. It also sanctions the individual to take responsibility for his own thinking procedures by monitoring, evaluating and modifying self-defeating thought procedures.
