Pyroligneous acid, or pyrolysis engine oil also called solid wood vinegar, is a dark water produced throughout the natural action of carbonization which occurs when lumber is heated within an airless pot during charcoal creation. When the gas is cooled, it condenses into water. Raw hardwood vinegar has more than 200 chemicals, such as acetic acid, formaldehyde, ethylvalerate, methanol, tar, yet others. For agricultural use, tar residue in the natural solid wood vinegar is usually extracted by coagulation, because the tar residue can remain as a overcoat on plant leaves. Wood vinegar is convinced can improves land quality, eliminates pests and adjustments plant progress, but is just a little toxic to seafood and very toxic to crops if too much is applied. It accelerates the expansion of roots, stems, tubers, leaves, blossoms, and fruit. Using cases, it could hold back place expansion if the solid wood vinegar is applied at different quantities. A study implies that after applying real wood vinegar in an orchard, fruit trees and shrubs produce increased levels of fruit. Hardwood vinegar is safe to living concerns in the meals chain, especially, insects that help pollinate plant life.
Industry of hand oil, besides add main foreign exchange for Malaysia, it is also recognized as the only real largest source of water pollution. Palm olive oil industry produces large level of highly polluting effluents, for example, 2. 5 tonnes of Hand Olive oil Mill Effluent (POME) is generated for every tonne of crude palm engine oil produced (DOE, 1999). In Malaysia, POME contributes major oily wastewater that pollute environment badly. Like other processing, palm oil market sectors also produce large levels of effluent, when discharged untreated into waterstream, adversely impacts aquatic life and local water supply. That is credited to high organic and natural ingredient content in the effluent. Most of the methods which have been used to take care of POME such as aerobic digester, trickling filtration, aerobic and aerobic lake, lagoon while others were reported in a number of research documents.
1. 2 Problem Statement
In the development of jungle to olive oil palm, in addition to socio financial considerations, the palm petrol industry has and can continue to place strong focus on balancing environment safety and individuals welfare (M. A Fuad et al. , 1999). POME treatment needs an efficient system in facing the existing challenges. There are lots of treatment plants didn't achieve the typical discharge limits even though they have applied biological treatment system.
For that reason, an alternative POME treatment system must meet standard discharge limits. A technical shift from natural and chemical treatment to coagulation-flocculation process with environmental friendly coagulants could lead to the better the POME treatment system.
Palm oil control mills generally release large volumes of wastewater. About 0. 67 tonne of POME is generated for every tonne of fresh fruit bunch (FFB) processed. One of the key ingredients in palm petrol mill effluents that cause severe problems is its residue petrol. POME is made up of about 4000-6000 mg/l of olive oil and grease, around 2000 mg/l of residue olive oil is present in an emulsified form in the supernatant of POME. In conditions of biochemical air demand (BOD) which sums to 25000mg/l, it is highly polluting. The suspended solids is approximately 4-5% in the POME are mainly cellulosic material from the fruits. Emulsified olive oil droplets are experienced spontaneous coalescence into greater flocs, thus making engine oil separation by gravity is difficult and frustrating process. This residual petrol must be removed to prevent interfaces with drinking water treatment units, to avoid problems in the natural treatment phases.
Objective of the Research
To produce timber vinegar from Empty Fruit Bunch
To review the best characteristics of real wood vinegar as coagulant agent
To investigate the effect of wood vinegar as coagulant agent to take care of POME
CHAPTER II
LITERATURE REVIEW
2. 1 Hand Essential oil Mill Effluent (POME)
Every country on earth will depend on its major industry to build up its overall economy to achieved well develop country position. Oil palm is the major agricultural product in Malaysia and it was the greatest products export in Malaysia. Since its first introduce in Malaysia early on in 20 century and commercially produce in 1917, this plantation grows rapidly throughout the country and now its cover about 40% of the cultivated land. The common process to obtain palm olive oil from palm berry is called removal and the most common method applied in Malaysia. However, this process also generates brownish slurry that contains high organic matter and could harm aquatic life if it dumped straight into water stream. For every tonne of hand oil produce, it is estimated that 2. 5 tonne wastewater also being generated as byproduct. Thus, the creation of practically 8 million tonnes of palm essential oil per annum, the amount of POME generated is equivalent to the wastewater made by 22 million of inhabitants people in the country.
Palm petrol mill effluents produced have very distressing odor and highly acidic even it classified as non toxic. They are highly polluting and contain high organic and natural subject. The Biological Air Demand and Substance Air Demand (BOD5 and COD) of the slurry was high as well as Total Suspended Stable, Total Nitrogen, Ammonical Nitrogen, as well as oil and grease. As for physical aspect, this POME is solid brownish water in color, hot about 80-90 oC, and also have distressing odor.
2. 2 POME Treatment Technologies
At present, there are so many technology open to treat POME. The normal method employed to treat POME is biological treatment. Usually, mixture of aerobic, anaerobic and facultative fish-pond been employed where at the end of treatment the residue of the effluent is discarded at the river or sea.
Other than that, the common solution to treat POME using open up digestion fish tank systems have particular down sides such as a long hydraulic retention time of 45-60 days, bad odor, difficulty in keeping the liquor circulation to ensure smooth performance over huge areas and difficulty in collecting biogas, an assortment of about 65% methane, 35% carbon dioxide and true amount of hydrogen sulfide which can have damaging effects on the surroundings.
In the other palm, expanded aerobic process was utilized widely. In this system, to further reduce the BOD content, the liquid slurry is aerated by using floating aerators through providing air. This floating aerators help ensure complete mixing up by make the fish-pond content always in suspension form. Through this process, levels of useful microorganisms are nurturing thus speed up the transformation of contaminants to energy, carbon dioxide and normal water. However, the primary advantages of these systems are its high BOD removal efficiency and low stable yield.
In chemical substance precipitation process, the widely used coagulants in wastewater treatments such as aluminium sulphate (Alum) and poly-aluminum chloride (PAC) produce sludge that is difficult to dispose and in terms of health concern can cause Alzheimer's disease in permanent effects.
2. 3 Timber Vinegar as a Coagulant Agent
So far, there is no officially trial to make hardwood vinegar as a coagulant agent to take care of waste water. However the characteristics of hardwood vinegar as a coagulant, anti microbial, anti fungal, as well as others have been examined. Baimark and Niamsa found that, real wood vinegar can completely inhibit the fungi development on the surface of natural silicone. This is because the phenolic chemical substance contained in the timber vinegar might show some antifungal property (Nakayama et. al, and Kartal et. al). Other than that, Baimark and Niamsa also mentioned that plasticity retention index, Mooney viscosity and mechanical properties of natural rubber coagulated by timber vinegars were much like those using acetic acid and much better than using formic acid. This assertion strengthens the ability of real wood vinegar to act as a coagulant agent.
CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3. 1 Research Methodology
This trial consists of 2 steps of study:
The creation of solid wood vinegar through fast pyrolysis method.
Wood vinegar produced during thermal cracking was gathered at different heat range. The characteristics of wood vinegar are investigated using High Performance liquid Chromatography (HPLC), the compositions of pyroligneous acids were analyzed by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrophotometer (GC-MS), and Karl Fischer titration (KFT) determine normal water in pyrolysis liquids.
Determination of POME composition and real wood vinegar evaluation as coagulant agent.
Usually POME contains high organic subject. Sampling procedure for POME does before the composition of POME depends upon using Gas HPLC and Gas Chromatography-flame ionization detection (GC-FID). From then on effects of solid wood vinegar to POME are looked into by determine the BOD5, COD, suspended stable (SS), total Kjedahl Nitrogen (TKN), Ammoniacal Nitrogen, turbidity, color and pH. The attribute of cured POME is then established and compare to other commercial coagulant agent such as Alum, and PAC in order to analyze the performance of lumber vinegar in POME treatment method.
CHAPTER IV
EXPECTED RESULT
4. 1 Expected Result
There have been growing interests in the research of chemical substance constituents of pyroligneous acid, yet there is no preliminary analysis has been done on the performance of POME treatment employing this application. However, relating to a decade of research in Manchester as well as working experience with a number of companies to treat a variety of waters, including industrial effluents, colored waste, raw drinking water and groundwater, a few forecasting final result can be produced. The research is likely to give effective cause removing organic subject, oils and solvents, hard substance oxygen demand (COD) and so many more from POME. In addition, the study will lead into lowering the expense of POME treatment and produce more effective environment friendly waste water treatment method.
