METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY:
Research in psychology is conducted in wide accord with the requirements of the medical method, including both qualitative and quantitative statistical modalities to generate and evaluate explanatory hypotheses with regard to emotional phenomena. These procedures differ by the sources of information that are attracted on, how that information is sampled, and the types of musical instruments that are used in data collection. Methods also differ by if they accumulate qualitative data, quantitative data or both.
American Psychological Association has laid down the next rules and regulations for researches:
- Informed consent (tell them what this research is about).
- There should be no injury to the topic.
- After the research, you must inform the subject about the deception.
Types Of Research Methods:
Quantitative research
Quantitative research is normally associated with the positivist / post positivist epitome. Usually it is to assemble and transform the info into digital form so that statistical computations can be produced and conclusions can be drawn.
Qualitative research
Qualitative research is the method usually associated with the public constructivist epitome that emphasizes the socially designed nature of fact. This is about recording, examining and trying to find this is and need for human patterns and experience, including conflicting values, behaviors and deepest thoughts. Researchers are interested in obtaining a abundant and complex understanding of the experience of men and women rather than in getting information that can be generalized to much larger groups.
Requirement of Strategy:
All methods used for researches should have the basic three qualities, that are:
- They have to be standardize (it must have a certain norm).
- They need to be valid (a test should evaluate what it's likely to evaluate).
- They have to be reliable.
The pursuing are the several types of research methodologies:
- Case Record Method
- Experimental Research
- Correlational Research
- Survey Method
- Naturalistic Observation
CASE Background METHOD:
A case study (or case report) is a descriptive, exploratory or explanatory analysis of an person, group or event. An explanatory research study is utilized to explore causation in order to find underlying principles. Case study is also known as life history/Clinical method. Case study is an in depth investigation of someone's certain or particular patterns. Case study research excels at delivering us to an understanding of a complex issue or thing and can stretch experience or add power to what has already been known through earlier research. Research study is a descriptive method and it uses a lot of time. In this method, we are going to question subject matter, family, relatives, educators and friends.
Typically data is obtained from a variety of options and by using a number of different methods (e. g. observations & interviews). The case study research method started in clinical medicine (the case record, i. e. the patient's personal history).
The research study method often involves simply observing what happens to, or reconstructing 'the circumstance history' of an individual participant or band of individuals (such as a school course or a specific cultural group), i. e. the idiographic approach. Circumstance studies allow a researcher to investigate a topic in far more depth than might be possible if indeed they were trying to deal with a large range of research members.
In Case history, we use the next techniques:
- Day-Book method (daily development of a kid). In this we will question to child's pediatrician.
- Biographical Method.
- Clinical Method (preventing, diagnosing and treating an individual)
Social therapy staff member, psychologist and medical professional are collectively going to make a detailed report about the subject. After that they'll conclude if the subject needs psycho-therapy or not.
Case studies are widely used in psychology and between the most widely known were those people carried out by Sigmund Freud. He conducted very precise investigations in to the private lives of his patients so that they can both understand and help them triumph over their health problems.
Freud's most well-known case studies include Little Hans (1909a) plus the Rat Man (1909b). Right now circumstance histories are one of the main methods of analysis in abnormal psychology and psychiatry. For students of these disciplines they can provide a vivid insight into what those who have problems with mental illness frequently have to put up with.
SURVEY METHOD:
The survey is a non-experimental, descriptive research method. Studies can be useful when a researcher desires to acquire data on phenomena that can't be directly discovered. A study is a data collection tool used to assemble information about individuals. Research are commonly found in psychology research to collect self-report data from analysis participants. A review may concentrate on factual information about individuals, or it could aim to accumulate the ideas of the review takers.
Survey method is a general analysis and inspection carried out with specific purpose in mind to search for particular kind of information. When you have scarcity of time, then you decide to go with survey technique.
First we identify the challenge on which you want to carry out a study. Then we make a hypothesis on which our whole research is based on.
Then the questionnaire is manufactured. The questions should be simple and clear, so the subjects would not have any difficulty to comprehend the questions. Analysts have to ensure that the questions are valid and relate to the research matter.
After that, you sample the population and examine the results and then conclusions are created according to the results.
So following will be the steps in review method:
- Identify the situation. Know what you want to review.
- Sampling the populace. Define the populace to be researched.
- Design the questionnaire.
- Select a representative test.
- Administer the survey.
- Analyze, conclude and discuss the results.
PERSPECTIVES:
Psychology is a self-discipline that asks and answers the essential question, why do we behave the way we do and think the way we think? The best way to characterize different methods that are taken up to answer fully the question of psychology is to identify them as major perspectives. The major perspectives signify fundamental assumptions that underlie the study questions and methods that are being used to be able to answer the questions of psychology. Most all perspectives define mindset as the self-control interested in studying human action and mental processes, but that protects a lot of floor and the sources of habit and mental functions are not always clear. So there are six major perspectives to describe a human habit.
1. Biological perspective:
2. Psychoanalytic point of view:
3. Behavioral Perspective:
4. Humanistic Perspective:
This perspective emphasizes on the role of drive on thought and tendencies. Two of the most influential and enduring ideas in humanistic psychology that surfaced in the 1950s and 1960s are those of Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow.
The humanistic point of view suggests that we live each responsible for our own joy and well-being as humans. We have the innate (i. e. inborn) capacity for self-actualization which is our unique desire to attain our highest potential as people.
Because of the focus on the individual and his / her personal experiences and subjective conception of the world the humanists regarded as scientific methods as inappropriate for studying tendencies. Humanistic perspective believes that if are identified to change anything you can. Decision making is within your own hand. So this perspective is convinced in real human capacity and positive area of his habit.
5. Cognitive Perspective:
6. Social ethnic Perspective:
SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS:
When psychology was initially established as a science independent from biology and viewpoint, the issue over how to describe and explain the human brain and behavior commenced. The different academic institutions of psychology represent the major theories within psychology. The present day history of mindset starts from the school of thoughts. Listed below are the six major classes of thoughts.
1. Structuralism:
2. Functionalism:
3. Gestalt Psychology:
It's a German approach developed by Utmost Wertheimer, Kohler and Koffka. The word 'Gestalt' interpretation is 'form, condition or unified whole entire'. Gestalt psychology is a university of psychology based mostly upon the idea that people experience things as unified wholes. This approach to psychology started out in Germany and Austria through the past due 19th century in response to the molecular way of structuralism. Instead of wearing down thoughts and habit to their smallest elements, the gestalt psychologists presumed that you must look at the full of experience. Based on the gestalt thinkers, the complete is higher than the sum of its parts.
According to Gestalt psychologists, the human being mind functions by interpreting data through various regulations, rules or organizing principles, turning partial information into a complete. For example, your mind might interpret a series of lines as a square, though it has no complete lines; your mind fills in the spaces. Gestalt psychotherapists apply this reasoning to problem-solving to help patients.
This school brings about the development of theory of perception. For example when you understand something, you understand all together rather than elements of something.
4. Psychodynamic Model:
5. Humanistic Model:
Humanistic psychology developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic mindset instead centered on individual free will, personal progress and the concept of self-actualization. While early classes of thought were mainly centered on unusual human habit, humanistic mindset differed noticeably in its focus on assisting people achieve and satisfy their probable. This approach was developed by Abraham Maslow & Carl Rogers. Humanistic psychology is actually a positive psychology, which emphasizes on the positive area of your tendencies. This particular branch of mindset is centered on assisting people living more content, more fulfilling lives.
Humanist psychologists show that to understand psychology, we must check out individuals and their motivations. Abraham Maslow's "hierarchy of needs" exemplifies this approach: a system of needs, such as food, love and self-esteem, decides a person's action to various extents. Get together these needs leads to a feeling of self-satisfaction and solves mental health problems.
6. Behaviorism:
7. Cognitive Model:
Objective:
Fill in the blanks:
- Meaning of expression 'Gestalt' is: __________(form, form or unified whole)
- ____________ is a German approach. (Gestalt psychology)
- ____________ School of thought identifies positive psychology. (Humanistic)
- _______________ Perspective feels that 'Decision Making' is in your own hands. (Humanistic)
- ______________ School originated as a reply to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. (Humanistic)
MCQ's:
- Which of the next methods will we choose, if we have shortage of time: (Study Method)
- Case History
- Survey Method
- Experimental Research
- Which approach leads to the development of theory of belief: (Gestalt mindset)
- Gestalt psychology
- Functionalism
- Structuralism
- Which of the following is a descriptive, non-experimental and less-time consuming method:(Review Method)
- Naturalistic Observation
- Correlation
- Survey method
- In which research method, we question from the subject's pediatrician, therapist, relatives and buddies: (Case Study)
- Correlation Method
- Experimental method
- Case Study Method
- Who provided the pyramid of 'hierarchy of need'?(Abraham Maslow)
- Max Wertheimer
- Kohler
- Sigmund Freud
- Abraham Maslow
Match the columns:
- Unified whole (c)a. Theory of perception
- Decision Making (e)b. less time consuming
- Hierarchy of needs is given by (d)c. Gestalt
- Gestalt Psychology leads to (a)d. Abraham Maslow
- Survey Methodis (b)e. Humanistic perspective
True/Incorrect:
- Gestalt psychology leads to theory of evolution. (False)
- Case review is a less frustrating research method. (False)
- Humanistic school was developed by Abraham Maslow. (True)
- Survey is an experimental method. (False)
- Humanistic perspective feels in positive mindset. (True)
