BAGRI. S (1995) ecological development of pilgrimage tourism in destination areas, it is important to have liable tourists with high pro-environmental orientation and a critical minimum knowledge of pilgrimage tourism. Most of the pilgrimage, exciting, and leisure destination in India are in ecologically delicate locations with environmental resources, thus understanding visitors' environmental orientation is critical for vacation spot management. On this context, the environmental orientation and eco travel and leisure awareness of visitor visiting some of the main element environmental orientations of pilgrimage tourism and leisure travelers is shown. The exits significant dissimilarities among these categories in conditions of environmental orientation set alongside the leisure tourists. Thus, the study means that the transformation of standard environmental orientation directly into awareness of eco tourism and pilgrimage tourism
Batra and Kaur (1996) in their paper highlighted that there were two types of romantic relationships between travel and leisure and environment i. e. coexistence and conflicting. Coexistence romantic relationship presented tranquility between travel and leisure and environment. However, conflicting romance between travel and leisure and environment caused huge problems like visual air pollution, sewage problem, water and polluting of the environment, and last but not least ecological problem. They viewed that social costs in travel and leisure industry were much more than another type of business but these costs were not included in financial statement of the tourism industry.
Boyd and Butler (1996) in their research uncovered that ecotourism was dependent upon the quality of the environment and further care and attention was required by managers to reduce negative tourism influences on environment. The analysis figured eco-tourism development took place in more remote control areas of the earth which required appropriate management and eco-tourism opportunity spectrum (ECOS) was best fitted to it.
Brohman (1996) in his analysis highlighted that the third world countries appreciated very fast development rate of travel and leisure at the price of socio-economic and environmental degradation. The writer opined that the third world countries must adopt proper travel and leisure planning after consulting residents and travel and leisure related investment and revenue should be used for the good thing about local community. The study advised that alternative
tourism strategies must be designed with the help of local people to reduce negative effects and increase positive effects of travel and leisure during unfavourable circumstances.
Buhalis (1998) in his analysis seen that because of increasing use of information technology in travel and leisure sector, future success of travel and leisure organizations and destinations would be determined by a combination of innovative management, marketing and strategic use of advanced information technology.
Gupta (1999) in this research praised Indian spiritual travel and leisure which grew for quite some time without leading to negative environmental, ethnical and social impacts. The author looked at that pilgrimage experienced less burden on environment, benefited local communities, was seasonal and provided monetary benefits to the neighborhood community. The writer recommended to develop such kind of modern tourism which benefited local neighborhoods without harming natural environment.
Noronha (1999) in his analysis highlighted that residents noticed threatened and degraded by improper behaviour of the travelers. The analysis also disclosed that the huge benefits from tourism weren't utilized for the introduction of the local people in Goa. The author suggested that strategies must be developed by the state to manage tourism trade and plug back again profits received from travel and leisure trade for the introduction of residents in Goa.
Kreiner and Kliot (2000) in their newspaper stated that there is considerable distinctions between pilgrims' and travelers' behavior towards any spiritual site despite the fact that both had three common elements like discretionary income, leisure time and communal sanctions. The analysis concluded that although various variations have there been between visitors and pilgrims but it was very hard to provide those dissimilarities.
Madan and Rawat (2000) in their analysis looked at that the tourism industry in Mussoorie acquired its saturation point and there is a need to develop some near by places like Dhanolti and Recreation area Estate for the development of tourism.
Mehta and Arora (2000) in this review appraised tourism promotion activities followed by tourism ministry in Punjab. Shared material of their state tourism office was imperfect, unattractive and inadequate for foreign visitors. The study recommended that the state government must take up standardized form of marketing for the advertising of tourism industry in Punjab.
Mishra (2000) in his review explained that among pilgrim sites, Brajmandal was one of the highly recommended places to visit. The study also highlighted the primary problems regarding poor infrastructure, accommodation facilities, quality of food, shopping facilities, open public convenience, communication and cheating and misguiding etc. faced by pilgrims in Brajmandal. The writer suggested both functional options like restructuring of travel and leisure related laws, need for systems methodology in managing travel and leisure development, getting together with tourists in a healthy manner and supportive role of non-governmental organizations and operative steps like strategy for travel and leisure development, creation of Brajmandal Development Plank and creation of Brajmandal region on the line of Vatican City to increase the tempo of pilgrimage travel and leisure in Brajmandal.
Harsh nevatia (2001) " Religious travel and leisure in India has tremendous potential to advance as a distinct segment segment. There are hurdles to be get over. The first hurdle is the indegent tourism infrastructure generally, and perhaps the even poorer infrastructure of spiritual centres. Adequate facilities for lodging, boarding and traveling and travel should be created. what must be done is to set-up nodes near religious centres, where there is already a basic infrastructure present and plan day journeys from there spiritual travel and leisure in India provides an experience that can't be had anywhere in the world, but also for it to fructify, the seeds should be sown and the saplings should be natured".
Wilson and John (2001) in this review outlined several factors namely tourism package deal, good management, support of local government, funds, proper planning, coordination between residents, and technical assistance for travel and leisure promotion etc. that have been essential for rural travel and leisure development. The authors seen that rural travel and leisure provided income and occupations to residents in rural areas having unutilized huge natural resources.
Cheerath (2002) in his analysis found that the primary reason behind overseas tourists' interest towards Kerala was ayurveda. It exposed different types of ayurvedic treatment techniques like nasyam, snehapanam, sirovasthi, sirodhara and vasthi etc. used in Kerala for treatment of both home and foreign tourists. The study suggested that appropriate travel and leisure guidelines must be created by Kerala authorities to prevent such activities.
Biju (2002) in his research made an attempt to make clear evolutionary procedure for global tourism. The analysis figured the advancements made in transport and communication systems were the key reasons behind immediate growth of travel and leisure globally.
Caprihan and Shivakumar (2002) in their article noticed that India used age old tourism strategies those concentrating on only two countries U. K. and USA. The writer emphasized on the adoption of innovative and customized tourism strategies by Indian government.
Singh (2002) in his newspaper gave a brief history of tourism plan in India. The author highlighted that these policies were home tourism oriented alternatively than international tourism oriented. The analysis figured India got huge potential to develop tourism however the absence of appropriate procedure for plan formulation and execution seemed to be the primary hurdle in travel and leisure development.
Singh (2002) in his research newspaper highlighted the necessity for controlling the impact of holiday and pilgrim flexibility in the Indian Himalayas. The analysis discovered that heavy stream of pilgrims and travelers during the optimum season from Apr to June business lead to problems relating to accommodation, wedding caterers, sewage, sanitation, normal water supply, tariff and ecological degradation. The study suggested the need for travel rules, education of tourists, marketing of alternate locations and targeted marketing to reduce problems relating from mass tourism and pilgrimage in Garhwal.
Bansal and Gautam (2003) in their analysis detailed that Himachal Pradesh got large numbers of heritage sites with position of first traditions village of India. In addition they highlighted that lack of resources, insufficient expertise, lack of ready product, shared insufficient knowledge and nominal marketing were the primary reasons affecting heritage travel and leisure in Himachal Pradesh. They advised the advantages of access fees from travellers visiting heritage centres and individual heritage management mother board to protect and promote the history sites.
Bar and Hatab (2003) in their research stated that travel and leisure and pilgrimage travel and leisure stood at contrary ends of a continuum with large range of voyage within these two ends. The creators revealed that the key cause of modern holidaymakers' travelling was cultural attention, education and want to enrich themselves. Not surprisingly they found that pilgrims preferred to go to holy sites only during religious festivals. The study concluded that while pilgrims most of the time frequented only religious places the modern tourists stopped at the holy places and secular places similarly.
Batra (2003) in his study on different Buddhist pilgrimage sites looked at that India got tremendous potential to attract a sizable number of travelers from Far East and South-East Asia but as a consequence to insufficient proper highways, basic amenities, infrastructure facilities and insufficient promotional efforts on the part of both the central and state the progress rate of Buddhist travel and leisure in India was very sluggish.
Biju (2003) in his newspaper mentioned that eco-tourism was both character based mostly and ecologically sustainable. It entailed minimum effect on environment because as required less infrastructure facilities and services when compared with conventional travel and leisure. However, ecotourism activities lead with an unneeded pressure on natural resources worldwide which required appropriate environmental planning and management of natural areas for ecological development of ecotourism.
Bleie (2003) in his review discussed pilgrimage tourism in central Himalayas with the help of Manakamana temple in Nepal. The writer examined local people's understanding about socio-cultural, economical and environmental risk associated with modern mechanised transport. The analysis suggested that pilgrimage tourism must build on principles of sustainable tourism to triumph over the ethnic, developmental, conservational and commercial risk associated with it.
George (2003) in this article emphasized the necessity for professional plan with long term eyesight including development of basic travel and leisure facilities such as street, railways, air port, walkways, drainage, benchmarking and travel and leisure regulations for development of tourism. The author also recommended a tactical management committee for tourism administration function.
Poria and Airely (2003) in this study discussed the effect of faith and religiosity on tourism industry. They seen that religion got direct impact on tourists' consumption habits and their desire to choose any vacation spot. The study outlined that the visitors' preference to go to a particular site was directly dependent after their religion and their durability of religious belief. Moreover, different spiritual sites represented different things with different meanings to different tourists and these different meanings established the behavioural style of travelers towards particular spiritual sites.
Singh (2003) in his review evaluated the partnership between travel and different areas of societal structure with the aid of an evaluation between India and United States. The study highlighted different similarities like complicated societies, democracies and stratification system between India and USA. To learn the behavioural design of men and women towards travel he also explained differences on the basis of population, area and societal development between your two societies. It unveiled that travel related decisions by the Indian middle income were directly influenced by religious thought. However, travel related decisions by the American middle income were inspired by free time and money. The analysis figured huge distinctions between societal buildings of India and USA gave labor and birth to different kinds of travel and leisure i. e. pilgrimage travel and leisure in India and secular travel and leisure in United States.
Bahuguna (2004) in her newspaper made an effort to evaluate development of travel and leisure industry in India by making use of tenth Five Year Plan strategy. She highlighted that tenth plan considered improving India's competitiveness as visitor destination. Moreover, tourism study revealed that the talk about of India in world travel and leisure was stagnant with only 0. 38 per cent. Further, in case of domestic tourism India had dominant share of 4. 3 % worldwide. She figured India had vast potential for different kinds of tourism like ecotourism, health tourism, pilgrimage travel and leisure and health travel and leisure which required proper planning.
Caprihan and Shivakumar (2004) in their research outlined mainly four top features of eco-tourism i. e. preservation, supportiveness, engagement and empowerment to provide more livelihood opportunities to residents. Authors looked at that India got vast probable of ecotourism but proper planning required for preservation of natural resources was missing. Further only few Indian expresses like Karnataka, Kerala, Sikkim, Rajasthan and Andhra pardesh acquired announced tourism coverage for the development of eco-tourism. They highlighted the issue of mis-management at countrywide parks and sanctuaries which required a proper defined eco-tourism plan and claims' strong determination to preserve the surroundings.
Kolas (2004) in his review highlighted the development of ethical and religious tourism in Shangri-la. It exposed that the introduction of tourism in this region provided revenue to the local community. The writer also outlined that by using place making strategies China renamed Zhongdian County as Shangri-la and promoted this place according to notions of Tibetan spiritual identity. The study concluded that similar strategies could convert an unfavourable traveler destination into a favourable one.
Kumar and Chandersekar (2004) in their research highlighted that tourism had great potentials of earning forex, yielding tax revenue, generating career and contributing to the economic development of the united states. To cater the need of tourism industry, more hotels, resorts, entertainment facilities, vehicles facilities and other auxiliary services were required. This unplanned development of tourism infrastructure lead to many problems like congestion, overcrowding and pollution etc. The authors suggested a travel and leisure management plan including standard for resort development, style and location of composition, planning sewage and preservation of open spots to be used by every country for lasting development of tourism industry.
National Council for Applied Economic Research Article (2004) suggested that religious travel and leisure emerged as flourishing market in India. The survey highlighted that in comparison to 28 per cent share of leisure tour packages, the number of religious vacations was a lot more with 50 per cent share. It also highlighted that with 23 million site visitors, Tirupati was at first place followed by Puri and Mata Vaishno Devi with 18. 17 million and 17. 25 million guests respectively. Regardless of this, Buddhist pilgrimage also flourished in India. Buddhist pilgrims from Japan, South Korea, Thiland and Sri Lanka and recently from China liked to visit India to see places related to Buddha. The article concluded that India possessed great probable of religious tourism and therefore Confederation of Indian Industry experienced recommended the government to recognize 25 domestic traveler sites and spend upto Rs. 22 million at each site for infrastructure development. Rana (2004) in his review evaluated behavioural point of view of pilgrims and travelers in Banars (Kashi). The analysis highlighted different facets like economic, public, cultural, job status and point of view of life to review the behavior of travelers'. The study also examined travelers' reason for visit, accommodation used, multimedia of information, tourist attractions, mode of transportation, expenses, overall impression, symbolic interpretation of Kashi and reasonable scape and smell scape in Banars. The author found that the tourists confronted several problems like scarcity of auto parking space, non-availability of accommodation, lack of publicity materials and genuine map while visiting Kashi. The study suggested that to solve the issues of both domestic and international visitors and to protect the cultural history and aesthetic beliefs in Banaras proper ideas and coverage must be created by both the condition and central government.
Singh (2004) in his review discussed pilgrimage tourism in Indian Himalayas and outlined different types of travel and leisure like pilgrimage, excitement, outdoors life, eco-tourism and leisure travel and leisure offered by modern Himalayas. He highlighted that modern form of travel and leisure in Himalayan areas like Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, and Jammu and Kashmir was totally unplanned and acquired drastic influence on natural and sociocultural environment. He recommended a well planned travel and leisure development procedure must be adopted by Himalayan expresses because their income was essentially dependent upon travel and travel and leisure.
Singh and Mishra (2004) in their study highlighted social, cost-effective and environmental measurements of tourism in Manali. They observed a rise of 270 % in holiday arrivals in Manali from previous three ages. The authors revealed that Manali was experiencing environmental problems like serious shortage of normal water, overcrowded roads, heavy traffic, excessive garbage, unplanned development and illegitimate constructions and sanitation problems. They also examined several factors like vacationer season, expenditure pattern, tourism fees, accommodation, transportation and having capacity of town which were essential for tourism industry in Manali. Besides this they advised different brief and permanent approaches for accommodation, transportation, water, sewage, energy and finance. The study recommended that cautious steps must be studied by the state government to avoid mass travel and leisure and create healthy eco-tourism in Manali.
Srinivasan and Nath (2004) in their article discussed the role of information technology for development of tourism industry in India. They mentioned that only Kerala was utilizing it in tourism. The researchers pressured on mainly three components of tourism industry i. e. service providers, agencies of tourism and travelers which required an enough information system. Moreover they presented a built-in tourism information system model to help the majority of the functions of all three components of travel and leisure industry. The writers also highlighted the value of integrated travel and leisure information system in hotel industry, travel industry and handicraft industry. The study recommended that India must choose modern it practices for travel and leisure to sustain in both local and international market.
Woodward (2004) in his article made an attempt to represent religious sites as an important income source for many countries. He opined that the income produced by spiritual sites could be used for repair and maintenance of those particular sites and other religious sites. The analysis highlighted that most of the world famous religious sites were not able to allow for large numbers of visitors at one time which lead to several accidental damages, sound pollution, overcrowding, theft happenings, littering and parking problems. The writer recommended several remedies like charging for vehicle access and access fees to religious site etc. to conquer all these problems. He thought that there is need for different planning for many who visit for religious purpose and those who visit only as sightseers.
Anbalagan, Selvam and Amudha (2005) in their review highlighted tourism as India's third largest export industry after ready made apparel, jams and jewellery. The authors recommended five point strategy i. e. strong sustained procedures, private sector participation, liberalization of aviation, eradication of red tape and investment in human resource development to accomplish sustained progress rate in travel and leisure industry in India.
Murgan (2005) in his article outlined that the main cause of explosion of domestic tourism in India was world famous pilgrimage sites. Further, till 1980 it was the North that dominated the Indian travel and leisure industry with 70 % market share however now it dropped to 49 %. He seen that the main reason behind this declining tendency was more focused travel and leisure development in the Southern region. The writer highlighted that Indian travel and leisure industry was facing several challenges like scarcity of resort rooms, high taxes, tired aviation policies and unnecessary wait in visa etc.
Dixit (2005) in his review examined tourism routine in Uttarakhand. He outlined that religious vacationers, pleasure travelers, and experience and nature enthusiasts preferred to visit Uttarakhand. Further these travelers had different behaviour patterns regarding food, transport and accommodation. The study revealed that experience tourism was the quickest growing sector in Uttarakhand as compared to religious tourism. Furthermore, religious travel and leisure in Uttarakhand was affected adversely by seasonality syndrome. The author suggested that adventure tourism, yoga and deep breathing related tourism may help in overcoming seasonality symptoms of Uttarakhand. He also emphasized a detailed coordination of public, private and municipality for expanding tourists' season in Uttarakhand.
Rao and Sikha (2005) in their study presented Bollywood as a highly effective tool for campaign of Indian tourism industry worldwide. They highlighted that Bollywood produce 27 % of total global film production and the reach of Bollywood was 188 million viewers in Indian sub-continental, 20 million NRIs, and large number of non- Indians far away. Further, different countries asked Indian film industry for film taking pictures in their country because it generated income and occupation for local areas. The study recommended that India should also present itself as favourable vacation spot for film shooting.
Sarathy (2006) in this specific article gave a synopsis of religious tourism regarding Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam, Christianity, Sikhism and Jainism. He stated various levels of religious tourism like international, countrywide and local. He disclosed that pilgrimage peak during the religious festivals and folks visited the centres of their faith in groupings. The writer also found Hinduism as third largest faith among the world's religions and having major number of spiritual places. He also highlighted different religious celebrations celebrated in India like Kumbh Mela, Brahmotsavam, Makar Jyoti and Rath Yatra and referred to Kumbh Mela as the greatest spiritual gathering at a single place in the globe. The author also discussed Buddism, Islam, Sikhism and Janism as important religions in India and the globe.
Singh (2006) in her study highlighted pilgrimage tourism in Indian Himalayas with the aid of four dimensions of tourism specifically travel, strangers, leisure and secularity. The study also highlighted four main reasons behind Hindu pilgrimage in Indian Himalayas i. e. social and nationwide integration, communal cohesion, progress of intellectual knowledge, and way to obtain values for human beings. The writer opined that increasing variety of pilgrims and travelers in Indian Himalayas was in charge of several problems like overcrowding, congestion, traffic and environmental pollution. The researcher suggested that education and recognition building programs could directly assist in increasing the awareness degree of both pilgrims and tourists regarding air pollution free environment in Himalayas.
Sud (2006) in this review highlighted the external tourism and its own positive effects on Indian market. It unveiled that India acquired huge prospect of tourism but problems like insufficient airline seats, non option of rooms in hotels, and insufficient professional expertise to handle tourists discouraged foreign tourists to choose India as traveler destination. Moreover head to operators overseas never mentioned India because of poor infrastructure facilities. The analysis also outlined that though India acquired inadequate tourism infrastructure yet foreign tourists liked to visit India because of its rich culture. These overseas tourists straight helped the rural current economic climate by residing in local hotels, eating local food and purchasing local handicraft.
Dasgupta, Mondal and Basu (2006) in their research made an attempt to evaluate the impact of pilgrimage tourism at Ganga Sagar Island. They viewed that in India people travelled large number of pilgrimage places to earn virtue. Similarly Ganga Sagar was the place where a holy drop during Makar Sankranti earned that a lot of virtue which one could earn at all the pilgrim centres through put life. The study outlined that pilgrimage travel and leisure in Ganga Sagar opened up several sources of cash earning and supported several new occupations like tea stalls, hotels, vans, rikshaw pullers, vehicle individuals and STD retailers etc. However, it acquired some negative social-cultural impact on their life by means of immoral activities by travelers. The study figured though pilgrimage tourism got some negative impact in Ganga Sagar, the entire impact of tourism in Ganga Sagar was positive and provided a big number of cost-effective and developmental advantages to the local people.
Kumar (2007) in his research made an attempt to judge impact of Tsunami on beach tourism. It revealed that about 3 lac people were killed credited to Tsunami in 12 countries. Further, almost all of the displaced people suffered from several subconscious problems. The study highlighted several natural disasters like cyclones, floods, Tsunami and earthquakes which affected beach travel and leisure adversely in both developed and expanding countries. The author discovered that out of 1192 islands of Maldives 42 were lost. The analysis suggested several steps like installation of advance caution system, coastal zone management, community consciousness and devastation training programmes to lessen the impact of Tsunami.
Motiram (2007) in his analysis identified the impact of globalization on mass travel and leisure in India i. e. Beach Tourism, Mountain Travel and leisure, and Religious Tourism. The study outlined that due to globalization the travel and leisure industry generate more employment, and more foreign exchange profits. Further, it facilitated infrastructure development in the united states. The researcher remarked that India was the third fastest growing travel and tourism economy on the planet after Montenegro and China. The writer suggested that India must develop tourism infrastructure to get international visitors in large numbers.
Rishi and Giridhar (2007) in their paper evaluated tourism industry in Himachal pradesh by using SWOT analysis. It highlighted the initial natural offerings of Himachal Pradesh which it might not cash due to lack of various facilities like food, transport, normal water and accommodation etc. The researcher viewed that to leverage tourism probable it was necessary to analyse the needs, perceptions, choices and satisfaction level of tourists. The study concluded that Himachal Pradesh got vast potential to become one of the world's top places provided it developed its infrastructure facilities and promoted its offerings in a suitable manner.
Patnaik (2007) in his article highlighted that Shree Jagannath Dham was on the list of 1000 most preferred locations frequented by salvation seeking foreigners and also have second place in case there is religious travel and leisure in India. Further, he unveiled that Mahodadhi (the birth place of goddess Luxami) was another important place in Puri for both overseas and domestic holidaymakers plus they take dip as of this place during Ganga Sagar mela. The writer suggested that spiritual places in India entice million of devotees every year and to touch the travel and leisure opportunities, appropriate regulations for religious tourism must be produced and put in place.
Singh (2007) in his study made an effort to analyse Buddhist travel and leisure in India. He outlined mainly four Buddhist pilgrimage circuits i. e. Kapilvastu, Magadha, Varanasi and Kusinagar in India having their importance at both countrywide and international level. The study also unveiled that different places like Sri Lanka, Myanmar and South-East Asia claimed that Buddha also visited their places. Further, to get foreign visitors these countries developed themselves as Buddhist pilgrimage centres. The writer opined that to make it through in competitive situations and to attract more travelers, India must choose appropriate travel and leisure planning and strategies.
Winter (2007) in his analysis discussed the present scenario of tourism in Asia. It highlighted that within a decade Asia could have one of the speediest growing tourist inhabitants on the globe. Despite this very little attention was received by Asian holidaymakers in Parts of asia. The author outlined that the Parts of asia mainly targeted European countries for tourism and formulated tourism policies accordingly. Moreover, they dismissed the needs of Asian visitors. The study recommended that a balanced procedure which considered both Asian and American travelers must be used by Parts of asia while formulating tourism policy.
Chadha and Singh (2008) in their review discussed the necessity and anticipations of religious travelers in Punjab. The analysis highlighted the difficulties of religious travelers pertaining to transport, accommodation, food, shopping and hospitality. The research workers discovered that railways and air function of travelling dominated all the varieties of travel. They discovered that most of the religious travelers liked to stay near religious places because of convenience factor. It was also seen that problems like price discrimination in a few products, insufficient parking space, and improper signboards required immediate attention. The study concluded that blended strategy by the Punjab Government and the state of hawaii Tourism Section must be followed to identify visitor circuits and to develop tour packages to entice more visitors to their state. Libison and Muralledharan (2008) in their study discussed the economic great things about pilgrimage travel and leisure in Subrimala to the local residents of Pandalam rural area. The analysis highlighted that the amount of pilgrims seen Subbrimala temple was almost add up to the population of Kerala point out. The author exposed that during pilgrimage season, a sizable number of financial activities including petty trading, accommodation and dormitory facilities, food and tea retailers, transportation etc. occurred in Pandalam which provided numerous socio-economic benefit to the region. They also found that during pilgrimage season, the typical of living of individuals based on food patterns, clothing and keeping pattern improved. The writer suggested a development committee including representatives from Gram Panchayat, Devaswon Plank, Pandalam Executive
Committee and local people must be created for development of long and short term plans to reap maximum advantages from pilgrimage season. Sinha (2008) in their review made an effort to evaluate the impact of religious tourism on Gir National Park. The objective of the study was to generate awareness about need of visitors' management in covered areas like Gir Country wide Park. The author revealed that a large number of spiritual tourists and animals tourists visited the region which causes problems like overcrowding, non-biodegradable garbage and individual waste etc. They also highlighted the disturbances in river system due to bathing and cleansing of clothes, utensils and vehicles by the pilgrims. The researcher advised that efforts should be produced to safeguard the nature in Gir forests by convincing the temple regulators and by educating the pilgrims regarding the previously listed aspects.
Wichasin (2008) in his review illustrated the partnership between pilgrimage and travel and leisure with the help of Stupa worship. He highlighted that pilgrimage involved three essential steps i. e. quest to the sacred sites, performance of ritual functions and lastly returning house with sense of renewal. Further, travel and leisure shared some similarity with the pilgrimage but also included sightseeing, visiting and going to different places. The writer talked about the model detailing the top features of the pilgrims and provided two continuum specifically secularism-sacredness and tourism-pilgrimage.
David Nunan (2000) the pilgrimage travel and leisure, can try to describe and what this means to people, from the pilgrim's viewpoint. We may then understand the role of pilgrimage travel and leisure in peoples' lives today and the talk about of religion within an increasingly secular society. From this process it was possible to find theoretical perceptions that may link in with the place perceptions studied. Sacred Space in Secular Culture; Transformations; Embodied Ritual; and Unity in Diversity, and a frame was used to break up pilgrimage into generally speaking, the primitive and the modern particularly the young, will seek to create new rituals, new rites of passage
