The Absorption ON THE Oxyhaemoglobin Biology Essay

ABSTRACT

A method and equipment for non invasively dimension of haemoglobin concentration, where we have to choose two wavelengths whose haemoglobin extinction coefficient is greater than that of normal water. The wavelengths which we using here will be an isobestic wavelengths where the absorption of the oxyhaemoglobin and the deoxyhaemoglobin will be the same. Then the event light beams are created to fall on the predetermined site of the body and received at the other end utilizing a photography detector. The received transmission is converted to electric signs. By determining the attenuation variation caused between your selected wavelengths we are able to find the haemoglobin awareness in the blood vessels. The isobestic wavelengths which we selected here is 590nm and 800nm.

INTRODUCTION

HAEMOGLOBIN MEASUREMENT

Haemoglobin, the primary element of the red blood vessels cells for moving air from the lungs to the capillaries which is mixed up in respiratory system process. Haemoglobin, working carrier of air is a mixture of flat iron and four polypeptide chains. Each string associated with one atom of iron, which holds four substances of oxygen. By detecting the levels of haemoglobin in the blood vessels is important in the medical field to be able to identify and treat the patient.

Several methods and devices have been developed to measure the haemoglobin attention in the bloodstream and everything methods have some disadvantages. Today's technology will solves some of the issues of the haemoglobin focus measuring equipments. This technique uses the isobestic wavelengths. The wavelengths which we chosen is used in the earlier days in order to make correctness in the haemoglobin focus. This isobestic wavelengths are radiated to the predetermined site and received at the other end, where the radiated lights are changed into the electric signals. By taking the attenuation variation caused by both light resources we can find the haemoglobin amount. Oxygen saturation can even be calculated applying this isobestic wavelength.

OBJECTIVE WITH THE PROJECT

The goal of the job is to build up a non intrusive measurement technique (PULSE OXIMETER) gives the haemoglobin awareness in the blood vessels with reduced mistakes and to implement a faster and time cutting down technique which will help the practicians for better recognition of blood related diseased conditions.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Haemoglobin, the oxygen carrying protein was first learned by Hunefeld in 1840. In 1851, Otto funke referred to the development of haemoglobin crystals by diluting the red blood skin cells with the clear water, alcohol or ether. Electrophoresis method had been developed for measuring the short time haemoglobin way of measuring, which can be used as a diagnostic indicator of diabetes mellitus. This technology which gives the haemoglobin dimension by using a migration path that have inner surface layered with a cationic chemical is to be immobilized in the inner surface and utilizing a buffer solution which is made up of a polymer having an ionic group (normal water soluble) as an electrophoresis buffer solution. The main disadvantage of the techniques is that the blood sample is necessary and time necessary to obtain the consequence is higher.

Then later there is a development in the haemoglobin dimension by the Total Internal Reflection (TIR), which will help to determine the haemoglobin attention in the whole blood. But the disadvantage of this method is that the light transmitted will influence the other colored debris in the blood vessels.

In the bloodstream, the sugar is mounted on the haemoglobin to create as glycosylated haemoglobin (HbA1c). There's also other forms of haemoglobin in the blood. The first one who separated the glycosylated haemoglobin from the other types of haemoglobin is Huisman and Meyering in 1958. By this segregated glycosylated haemoglobin, Anthony Cerami, Ronald Koenig and co worker(in 1976) suggested that this HbA1c is helpful in monitoring the amount of control of blood sugar metabolism in diabetics.

ORIGIN AND Advancement OF PULSE OXIMETER

In 1935 by Matthes. who developed the first pulse oximeter which uses two wavelengths of light for optical journey length, but the device was said to be troublesome. In 1942 Millikan developed ear oximeter for a few armed forces purposes and in 1949 Wood, added inflatable bladder inorder to find the bloodless zero measurement.

In 1962, Shaw developed a eight wavelength ear canal oximeter for the id of multiple kinds of dyshaemoglobin, but discarded credited to low commercial success.

In 1974 Aoyagi developed first pulse oximeter byy isolating the pulsating element of ear oximeter, however, many other companies had been introduced a tool with fibre optic sensor that have a great value on the market.

From 1981 there was an major development in neuro-scientific pulse oximeter by Nellcor in which he designed two rivalling design with the aid of Biox. They made some alterations from the sooner design of Aoyagi. In 1987, Nellcor unveiled a pulse oximeter which boosts the signal quality under certain conditions of patient motion and a minimal amplitude peripheral pulse. With this he deisgned a N-200 pulse oximeter with C lock.

In 1996, Masimo made the recent changes in the pulse oximeter by introducing Signal Extraction technology. Which is expected that there will be further development in the signal proceesing electricity conservation and optical sensor solutions will force the pulse oximeter to the new applications.

PRINCIPLE AND Procedure OF PULSE OXIMETER

http://www. oximetry. org/IMAGES/cpo. gif

In the normal pulse oximeter our company is taking two wavelengths ;one at 660nm(Red light) and 940nm (Infrared light). Out of this shape we can know that at this point there will be more absorption and we're able to receive the better result. The absorption of oxyheamoglobin and deoxyheamoglobin at both different wavelengths changes and by firmly taking the ratio in the difference of the absorbtion of oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin we wil be able to determine the haemoglobin amount. The oxyhaemoglobin(Air carrying haemoglobin) absorbs more infrared light than the red light, while the deoxyhaemoglobin(Non air carrying haemoglobin) blood absorbs more red light.

But there will be certain factors which are impacting on the readings in the pulse oximeter like movement artifacts, Venous pulsations, low-quality perfusion. . etc. In this venous pulsation is occurred during tricuspid valve inability which results in low saturation readings. Low perfusion is also a problem in the normal pulse oximeters. In this case there will be not sufficient transmission at the detector. This results in insufficient transmission at the tool to make a measurement, which can make the instrument to search for the pulse again.

So inorder to get rid of these errors to the extent we must look at certain wavelengths that may provides reading no matter saturation and to produce sufficient signal at the detector inorder to help make the sufficient signal to reach the instrument to produce a measurement

PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

The theory of operation for calculating the task for calculating the haemoglobin amount in pulse oximeter is mainly based on the Ales-Lamberts law

The Beer-Lamberts laws is thought as the ratio of oxyhaemoglobin(HbO2) to the full total amount in the blood(HbO2 + deoxyheamoglobin). The measuring of the absorbtion spectra of HbO2 and Hb is distributed by the difference in the wavelength of the light.

The formula which calculates the percentage of the light power is defined as

adapted from:Pulse oximetry

Yun-Thai li

Here the DC and AC will be the pulsatile signals, where in fact the DC component will be a regular value and the AC Element will be the fluctuating value which presents the pumping of bloodstream in the arteries.

R= Proportion of light intensity

I=current

and =wavelength of the two light options.

ISOBESTIC WAVELENGTH

In ths project, the light radiation product that we are employing is to transmit the light radiation through your body parts that includes the blood vessels, where we can to learn the haemoglobin attention. The wavelength which we are going to use is the isobestic wavelength.

According to the chemical substance kinetics, the isobestic tips which is employed as a guide points to study the reaction rates. Inside the pulse oximeter, the isobestic wavelength is employed to look for the haemoglobin amount. This isobestic factors have a great value in medicine as a laboratory technique. Because it helps to provide a clear picture to look for the air saturation and haemoglobin saturation regardless of its saturation rate. Isobestic details in the pulse oximetry is defined as the point where the oxyheamoglobin and deoxyheamoglobin have the same absorbtion value at a specific point. The isobestic items is used before inorder to make haemoglobin correction in the pulse oximeters. The isobestic factors is utilized as a quality assurance method in spectrophotometer. There are certain standards found in spectrophotometer includes potassium dichromate, bromothymol blue. . . etc

C:\Documents and Settings\skunduparambilpaul\Desktop\untitled1. bmp

From these body we can know that we now have certain points which can be referred as the isobestic point. Here we are employing isobestic wavelength of 590nm and 800nm. Because at this point the oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin absorption would be the same. The wavelengths of the isobestic points does not rely upon the concentration and the saturation. so that we may use this isobestic wavelengths as an extremely reliable guide.

This wavelengths used in the pulse oximeter is totally different from the isobestic wavelength, because the wavelengths used in the normal pulse oximeter reaches 660 nm( red light ) and the 940 nm ( Infrared light), which will give the best results. The data for that is the difference between your oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin influx is at an effective place where we will get the difference between your two waves at the repective wavelength.

But when we using the isobestic wavelength we won't receive the difference from the oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin influx in the above mentioned figure. So we live using a different approach that steps the haemoglobin attention by passing the light through the predetermined site of the body and receives at the other end by the device. Then we will determine how much light intensity we'd received at the other receiver side and determine the quantity of substance assimilated at this point by looking at the light intensity received at the other end. This technique we will use at both isobestic items and obtain the difference for the oxyhaemoglobin and deoxyhaemoglobin.

For example, red light absorbs more deoxygenated blood, if we are radiating a light of wavelength about 590 nm through the predetermined site of your body. Some chemicals will absorb the light and there will be a change in the level of the light received at the other end. By calculating the difference in the light depth we can analyze absorbance of the deoxygenated skin cells in that area and similarly in the infrared region. Thus we can get the haemoglobin awareness even regardless of the saturation rate. Here we may use a light which comes under the wavelength of 590 nm, which we will choose as yellow light and at the range of 800 nm, which is given in the infrared region, so infrared light have been used.

WAVELENGTH USED

ABSORPTION OF HAEMOGLOBIN BY YELLOW LIGHT

Wavelength -590nm

The light which we use within this job is yellowish light because we are employing the wavelength of 590 nm. The yellowish light we use here's rather than the red light to be able to measure the amount of deoxygenated blood at the isobestic point. The deoxyhaemoglobin is referenced as the non oxygen carrying haemoglobin.

If we assume that the all haemoglobin substances are bonded with O2, then we can say that the haemoglobin is said to be totally saturated. While circulating the blood in the capillaries and veins the haemoglobin release the air molecules and because of this the saturation level diminishes. The standard saturation rate level is reported to be between 85% and 97%.

Hence utilizing the wavelength of 590nm we can calculate the amount of deoxygenated blood from the haemoglobin by measuring the depth of light at the other end.

HAEMOGLOBIN ABSORPTION BY INFRARED.

The isobestic wavelength which we preferred at the infrared region reaches 800 nm. The oxygenated haemoglobin will allows the yellowish light to feed it and absorbs more infrared light, where as the deoxygenated blood allows more infrared light to feed it and absorbs more yellow light.

Usually the predetermined site of the body which we choose is the finger or feet, which is located between the source ( LED ) and the receiver ( Photodiode). Once the absorption levels is diagnosed then the proportion of absorption for each wavelength can be obtained.

Thus the Infrared light is employed to gauge the amount of oxygenated haemoglobin within the blood.

BLOCK DIAGRAM AND DESCRIPTION

This project consists of three portions. One the recognition unit, processing device and the display unit. The detection unit consist of Photography diode, amplifier, filters and ADC, while in the Control unit we have a ratio computation unit to be able to achieve haemoglobin attention. Some Microcontrollers have inbuilt ADC. This control product is software part using micro controller. The third one display product is used to show the output effect. The display device can be a computer, Television or an audible device.

AMPLIFIER

PHOTO DETECTOR UNIT

LIGHT RADIATION UNIT

LPF

BODY PART

CONCENTRATION CALCULATION UNIT

DISPLAY UNIT

RATIO Computation UNIT

VARIATION Computation UNIT

ADCION

LIGHT RADIATION UNIT

The light radiation unit which is utilized to radiate the wavelengths to a predetermined site of the body. Here we are using yellowish and infrared light options as the light radiation items.

PHOTODIODE

The photodiode is utilized to identify the light emitted from the predetermined site of your body (Finger or feet)

SIGNAL Fitness CIRCUIT

The amplifier, Filter circuit contain the signal fitness circuit.

AMPLIFIER

Here we use operational amplifier (741) which is used to amplify the electric indication from the detector unit.

FILTER

Here we could utilizing a Low Pass Filtration in order to avoid the high frequency noise impulses.

MICROCONTROLLER

The micro controller is used as the control unit. In some of the microcontrollers you will see inbuilt ADC. Analogue to Digital converter is necessary because to convert the analogue signs from the filtration into the digital form and given it into the micro controller.

DISPLAY UNIT

Display unit is utilized to show the measured beliefs of haemoglobin attentiveness which may be Television set, Computer, 7 section display or an audible device to listen to the reading.

MEASURING PROCEDURE

TRANSMITTER FINGER RECEIVER

In this we live selecting two isobestic wavelength, where in fact the absorption of the oxyhaemoglobin and the deoxyheamoglobin has the same absorption rate. After selecting the isobestic wavelengths were transmitting the selected wavelength in to the predetermined site of your body. i. e. , finger or feet. The light which we transmitting is from the light radiation unit. The light radiation unit can be integrated by LED. The photography detector unit gets the light which is transmitted through the finger, then your received signals are then changed into the electrical signs by using photo diode, which may be either Silicon or germanium.

Then the end result from this photodiode is directed at the variable computation unit for determining the light attenuation variant for every wavelength. The main function of the deviation calculation unit is to estimate the light attenuation variant for every wavelength using the electro-mechanical which we received at the image detector unit. From this variation calculation device it is fed to the ratio calculation device. The variation calculation unit determined the light attenuation variant for every wavelength as the ratio of that time period variant component ( AC ) to the time invariant element ( DC ).

The device further requires the hardware section as amplifier, LPF and an ADC between your photo detection product and the variation calculation unit. The function of the amplifier is to amplify the electric powered indicators from the picture diode. Then the Low Pass Filter can be used to pass the low frequency signals and to prevent the high regularity signals and noise. We had chosen the Low Go Filter as a result of signals from your body will be of low frequency. The low occurrence component of this electrical sign is amplified by the amplifier and given to the ADC. The function of the ADC is to convert the analogue signal to the digital sign.

The Digital transmission after being turned by the ADC is then fed up to the deviation calculation unit which in practice can be carried out by the micrcocontroller. The ratio calculation unit calculates the percentage between your light attenuation variance for the wavelengths which we'd given to the ratio computation device and then feds to the attention calculation product. The concentration computation device calculates the haemoglobin attention and provides the outcome to the display device, where we can easily see the ouput consequence.

Radiate light beams through the predetermined site of the body

Select two isobestic wavelength

StartFLOWCHART

End

Calculate the haemoglobin concentration

Calculate the ratio of the light attenuation variant between your wavelengths

Obtain light attenuation variation for every wavelengths

Convert light beams into electric signal

Receive the sent light

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