This proposal will support the introduction of the dissertation in an attempt to measure the factors influencing the Mauritian tuna industry, forecast export and formulate future technique to ensure its sustainability based on the vision of the government to help make the fisheries sector an economic pillar with scheduled regard to sustainability of aquatic resources and communal development. In the wake of diagnosis of the socio-economic and other external factors impacting on the tuna industry, the dissertation will align itself within the government mission to provide an enabling environment for the promotion of the sustainable development of the fisheries sector and to ensure continued economical growth and social development within the platform of good governance. Because of this, it will contribute to ecological development and food security within the context of the realisation of the job "Mauritius ile durable"
BACKGROUND
2. 1 Geography
Mauritius is the central member of the Mascarene band of islands which entail Mauritius, Rodrigues and Reunion which is situated at Latitude 20 South and Longitude 58 East, which is about 800 km from the south-east of Madagascar. They are all volcanic islands that are encircled by coral reefs with average temperature between 22 C and 28 C. The hawaiian islands are often faced with cyclonic weather which occurs almost annually between the months of December and Apr. The efficiency of the oceanic drinking water around Mauritius is believed to be 5 TC/km2/ season, which is low compared to 200-300 TC/km2/year for the waters encircling the Seychelles Communities.
2. 2 The Fisheries Sector of Mauritius
Mauritius is a maritime point out with a special Economic Zone (EEZ) around 1. 9 million km2. In 1978, Mauritius, a signatory member of the 3rd Convention on the Laws of the Sea proclaimed its 200 nautical EEZ and has the potential to build up the sea resources both for career and financial benefits for those employed in the fishing sector. The islands that comprise the Republic of Mauritius are generally dispersed and then the EEZ covers a more substantial section of sea in accordance with the land area.
Figure 1: Exclusive Economic Zone
Source: Albion Fisheries Research Centre
In Dec 2008, the Republic of Mauritius and the Republic of Seychelles, both celebrations to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), made a Joint Distribution to the US Commission payment on the boundaries of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) beyond their respected 200 nautical a long way Exclusive Economic Areas around the Mascarene Plateau. The CLCS appointed a sub commission rate that evaluated the Joint Distribution in '09 2009. Following a comprehensive deliberations, the CLCS finally made its recommendation in March 2011 which resulted in Mauritius and Seychelles being jointly conferred the jurisdiction after the joint section of ECS of 396, 000 kilometres2.
Source: Mauritius Oceanography Institute
The Mauritian Current economic climate is based on exportation of Glucose, Textile, Tourism and Fisheries. The fishery sector of Mauritius performs an important role in the nationwide economy. Fishery constitutes an important source of protein for the population of the united states contributing to nutrition, food security and forex revenue as well as encouraging poverty alleviation. It includes the finance institutions fishery, artisanal fishery, fish aggregating devices (FAD) fishery, tuna fishery, sports activities fishery and aquaculture.
Artisanal fishery
The term artisanal fisheries typically identifies traditional fisheries that require households (as opposed to companies) which use relatively small amounts of capital and small sportfishing craft, making brief trips and remaining close to shoreline with the catch supposed mainly for local use (Charles, 2001 ; FAO 2004a).
Banks fishery
The banks (St Brandon, Nazareth, Saya de Malha and Chagos) found around 250 to 1200 nautical kilometers to the north of Mauritius are exploited by Mauritian sportfishing vessels producing iced fish. The Banking institutions fishery is the traditional distributor of chilled and frozen fish on the neighborhood market. The lenders are exploited by refrigerated mother vessels which take with you 20 small dories. Angling method used is hand line.
Aquaculture
Aquaculture is known as in every forecasts as the only real reliable lasting additional source of resource. Aquaculture is farming of seafood, shellfish and aquatic plant life in fresh or salt water.
Sports and Aquarium fishery
The Sport Fishery requires local fishermen and mainly Tourists. It really is an important interest in Mauritius.
The fisheries sector of Mauritius provides occupation to around 13, 000 people in fishing, fish control, marketing and ancillary activities from the fishing industry. However the contribution of fisheries to Mauritian GDP in 2010 2010 was 1. 3%, its show of national exports was 14. 7%. Exports of fish and seafood products amounted to Rs 8. 1 billion (US $270 million). Demand for fish and seafood products has constantly increased leading to more fish consumption which is evidenced by the per capita ingestion standing currently at 21. 7 Kg. Ninety percent in our fish and seafood products export constitute of tuna. Mauritius happens to be a major supplier of canned tuna to the European union market. For days gone by three years, the seafood industry has been growing rapidly, with investment funds in a variety of activities which range from fishing to seafood processing and logistics services.
2. 3 Overview of the Tuna Industry of Mauritius
The tuna fishery is the main professional fishery in Mauritius. Before 1979, tuna was fished mainly with longlines and pole-and-line. Longlining involves the utilization of lines with baited hooks as sportfishing gears. It really is composed of baskets which contain a main horizontal collection about 250 to 800 m long with 4 to 15 branch-lines each with a cable innovator and a hook. The longline fishery were only available in 1970, but stopped operations soon after. Two small longliners began again in 1980, but, their catch was too low and possessed to stop procedures. By 1995, there is only 1 longliner from Mauritius. In 2004, three overseas owned vessels emerged to use in the Mauritian normal water in longline fishery. Their sportfishing area was multiply extensively in the European Indian Ocean. In 2007, the amount of licenses provided to longliners risen to 141, generally from Taiwan, South Korea, Japan, Indonesia, Belize and Malaysia. In that year, a complete of 15580 tonnes of tuna and related varieties were transhipped by these longliners which 4268 tonnes were caught in the Mauritian EEZ.
The bag seine tuna began to operate in 1979 with the first Mauritian tote seiner 'Lady Sushil'. Tuna tote seining involves preparing a large wall of net, about one mile in length to encircle tuna universities and entrap them. It had been handled as a joint venture including Mauritius Tuna Angling and Canning Venture and two Japanese companies. From then, it made pioneering fishery in the northern sector of the THE WEST Indian Sea and was one of the vessels to verify the successful procedure of purse seiner in the region. Eight years later, it was became a member of by another vessel 'Girl Sushil II'. A third tote seiner 'Cirne' started out procedure in 1991. Until 1997, these were operating for the neighborhood canning factory. As the canning was not able to comply with the EU polices concerning safety precautions, there is a need for a new manufacturing plant. Thus, to beat financial problems and credited to changes in the supervision of the manufacturer, the vessels were sold off to Princes Tuna Ltd, a UK company and the factories now rely on transfer of raw materials to meet its requirements. The Princes Tuna Ltd started out its operation in 2000. The manufacturing plant is operated under a British-Mauritian joint venture, Princes Ltd (UK) and Ireland Blyth Ltd (Mauritian company). This new manufacturing plant satisfies all the norms and legislation of the EU for their exports. A second processing vegetable, 'Thon des Mascareignes' began its operation in 2005 and it is a subsidiary of the IBL Group. This manufacturing plant produces tuna loins which can be exported both to Western and non-European market segments.
Tuna transhipment is a valuable related activity since several ages. An artisanal tuna fishery in addition has developed around FADs placed around Mauritius. The monetary contribution of tuna and tuna like varieties stands at 250 million and there is the potential for such contribution to be further increased. The fishing methods followed for tuna fishery in Mauritius include handbag seine, longline and FADs. Tuna is exported to your main market which is the European union. Mauritius benefits from several agreements such as Mauritius EU Fishing Agreement, Fishing Arrangement with the Federation of Japan Tuna Fisheries Cooperative Connection, Fishing Arrangement with Seychelles and a Memorandum of Understanding with Mozambique. These agreements help Mauritius to enjoy preferential market access.
In Mauritius, the export of tuna constitutes 90 % of total export value of fish and seafood products. However, there are factors impacting on it such as local catch, foreign get, inflation rate, volume of licences, transhipment, employment, foreign exchange, agreements, selling price and imports. Because of this, the Government has to direct more work in the importation of fish and fish products to meet the demand of the populace.
2. 4 Problems and obstacles of the Industry
Though the tuna angling industry contributes significantly in the economical development, it is recognised that natural weaknesses of the local fishing companies, in conjunction with emerging exterior factors hamper investment for enlargement of the sector. Problems such as reduction in the option of recycleables, food security, increasing competition and climb in functioning costs may undermine the sustainability of the industry. Furthermore, there is indication that preferential usage of the European union market is not really a promise for the long-term and the EEZ expansion represent real challenges that may require the federal government to devise new ways of make the tuna industry more lasting and a real pillar of the economy.
2. 5 Organisational Reasons
2. 5. 1 Stakeholders and Target Beneficiaries
The immediate beneficiaries of the dissertation would be the Ministry of Fisheries and the Tuna Angling and Control Companies. The dissertation will help fisheries administrators and stakeholders to better understand the position of the tuna industry, measure the factors impacting its sustainability on the long term to be able to increase exports and ensure a more significant and on-going contribution to the Mauritian overall economy. The dissertation will provide advice in the formulation of permanent fisheries strategies with regards to the tuna industry and support managers of the companies in decision making towards boosting development and profitability of their companies.
The secondary beneficiaries include between others, the fishermen community, workers of tuna processing companies, stores in food products and the consumers.
Implementation of the suggestions of the dissertation will ensure sustained employment for personnel of the tuna industry, a ecological exploitation of the tuna resources considering the future generation and a guaranteed way to obtain tuna for the neighborhood and international market segments.
2. 5. 2 Perceived problems
The dissertation will require the collection and research of supplementary data relevant to the tuna industry. These data and any other additional information can be found at the Ministry of Fisheries, Mauritius Reports Bureau, the Tuna Sportfishing Control Companies, the Mauritius Export Association, Relationship of Tuna Fishermen, The Small and Medium Businesses Development Company and the Ministry of Industry and Business. In addition, extensive research would need to be undertaken through the internet to acquire books on the works of key authors and their ideas. Relevant journals and mags from International Organisations like the EU, FAO and the Indian Ocean Tuna Fee (IOTC) would need to be acquired to obtain up to date information on guidelines and agreements on tuna development.
Successful execution of the dissertation will depend on the option of data essential to conduct the research and the capability to convince the stakeholders to take part in discussions and provide relevant information on the subject. Arrangement of conferences with the relevant representatives of the Ministries and Professionals of the Fishing Companies may entail delays along the way of data collection. Furthermore, holding of conferences with the fishermen community may be difficult to set up because of the type of these works and time availableness. Hence, resorting to specific contact may have to be opted
In addition, since very little educational research have been performed in this field being considering that the tuna industry can be an appearing one within the Mauritian sea-food hub, paperwork may be limited and dispersed.
AIMS AND OBJECTIVES
The main aims and aims of the dissertation are:
To take stock of the position of the tuna industry in Mauritius and its contribution in the economy
This includes collecting data on the level of output, import content, export, occupation and contribution to GDP.
To determine and analyse factors impacting on export of tuna
In this context, different facets influencing the export of tuna will be discovered and analysed.
To determine the impact of the factors
The level of impact of the different factors will be established through a regression model.
Investigate the sustainability of Mauritian tuna industry
This means locating the style in tuna creation and exports under the influence of the various factors and determine any problem of sustainability.
Forecast exports for 2012
Given actual conditions and using exponential smoothing, the export forecast for 2012 will be made.
To propose a tactical plan for the ecological development of the tuna industry for another ten years
Based on studies, a detailed tactical plan consisting of management procedures will be proposed so as to address the various problems which can threaten the sustainability of the industry.
LITERATURE REVIEW AND ANY SECONDARY RESEARCH
The dissertation will deal with the tuna industry in Mauritius and the socio- economic factors impacting on its sustainability. For this function, similar studies in this particular field will have to be identified through research works to provide as reference for today's dissertation. Subsequently, a crucial overview of the literatures will be carried out in order to identify relevant information essential to the requirement of the dissertation and also their limitations.
Through the web, some literatures concerning tuna has been diagnosed. However, a few of them relevant to the subject of the dissertation have been preferred for reference.
Kuldilok (2009) conducted a study on the tuna angling industry in Thailand to understand if Thailand has been able to achieve sustainability in its tuna fisheries with scheduled consideration the financial, interpersonal and environmental aspects. Firstly, the research was performed to forecast Thai tuna exports for the five years 2007-2011 using the ARIMA model. People progress and income were recognized as the factors that have an effect on demand. From forecasting results, it was observed that as tuna stocks are over fished surrounding the world, the Thai tuna industry is expected to face a fall season in its exports which implies a less fruitful handling sector.
The livelihoods of employees were also considered as the factors that impact the sustainability of the tuna industry. Economic depression and natural influences were found to be the factors which influenced the Thai tuna industry and led to variability in the income of the staff.
The study also discovered that Thailand has a comparative advantage in the production and export of fisheries products worldwide. It is noted that advantage is determined by low labour costs which is not consistent with economic growth in the Thai overall economy. Additionally, changes in the guidelines of origins of the EU were also factors that resulted in the Thai current economic climate being less competitive. In addition, though supply is bound demand for tuna worldwide keep on growing. This may in turn lead to a rise in the price tag on tuna and also in the costs of raw materials such as gas and other inputs. This found to be always a constraint to the sustainability and the expansion of the tuna industry. Because of this, the best answer was to build up the tuna aquaculture which is endowed with huge marine resources. As shown from the analysis, the low demand forecasts, inadequate raw materials, and changes in the EU rules and regulations will be the factors that act as impediment to accomplish economic, public and environmental sustainability and impede the growth of the Thailand tuna industry. It was finally observed that proper management measures can assist in the development of the tuna industry though you won't achieve the high expansion as before.
After perusal of the document, it was discovered that materials in the analysis could be known as support for this dissertation. However, it is mentioned that the analysis was carried out in 2009 2009 and handled data of past years when the impact of the EURO problems was not fully felt.
Attempt has been made in the journal of 'Controlling angling capacity in tuna regional fisheries management organisations (RFMOs): Development and condition of the fine art' to examine and analyse both the historical development of sportfishing capacity management in tuna RFMOs and their advanced practices. Even though, that this far, management measures have never yielded the expected results for capacity lowering, they provide a good basis for better management of capacity at local and global levels. Overcapacity is a significant threat to the sustainability of tuna resources. Diverse activities are being carried out by tuna RFMOs to counteract this problem.
The creator has found that according to research made on handling capacity in RFMO's, overcapacity is a persisting problem that demand for effective management measures to be stabilised. Overcapacity in fisheries surfaced therefore to a growth in overfishing. It had been underlined that overfishing presents serious troubles and is known as to be the major threat to the health of the sea environment and an obstacle towards achievements of sustainability in the fisheries sector. In order to solve the overcapacity problem, an International Course of action for the Management of Sportfishing Capacity (IPOA-Capacity) was create in 1999. This plan of action provided countries and regional body with the opportunity to examine capacity levels in sportfishing and take up appropriate measures. Although IPOA capacity has been well accepted, full execution of the course of action is yet to be accomplished. It is recognised that open gain access to is among the motorists of overcapacity. Worldwide fishery is of tremendous importance and Regional Fisheries Management Organizations (RFMOs) are fundamental players in their management. RFMOs are engaged in the management of tuna stocks and shares, which will be the greatest and commercially the main of most fisheries and which are now facing abnormal capacity. The tuna industry contributes significantly to the current economic climate of various countries. Because of this, execution of management and dialog were put in power by the RFMOs and other initiatives to triumph over the problem and ensure its sustainability. Different RFMOs have been create such Inter North american Tropical Tuna Commission (IATTC), International Payment for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna (ICCAT), Indian Ocean Tuna Commission (IOTC) and American and Central Pacific Percentage (WCPFC) to address the capability problem and provide answers to reduce capacity levels in tuna fisheries. Because it is extremely hard to prevent access to high seas and prevent IUU activities, it is expected that capacity will keep on growing. IUU angling is a major hazard to the long-term sustainability of the world's oceans which is pressing problem that is difficult to counteract. IUU fishing depletes fish companies, destroys sea habitats and distorts competition specifically in expanding countries. The ineffectiveness of management measures open opportunities for international illegal vessels to exploit endangered and threatened types of fish which further boost the capacity problem. However, investment in impressive fishing gear can help deter this problem. Participatory platform to control tuna companies have been devote make by RFMOs to suggest methods to solve the capability problem. Measures recently applied are further mentioned to be able to become more effective. Creation of a global vessel register, port status methods and trade sanctions may accentuate current methods to discourage the building of capacity not associated to specific RFMOs.
The analysis has highlighted various issues pertinent to handling measures, dangers to long-term sustainability, illegal sportfishing and your time and effort of RFMO's to handle the issue of fishing capacity. Observations made and methods proposed may be used as reference. However, the study has not handled an research of socio-economic factors which will be an important requirement for the dissertation. Given that Mauritius is endowed with an extremely large EEZ, it is difficult to enforce security effectively. Illegal sportfishing still persists and the piracy problem has surfaced. Likewise, in the lagoon and off lagoon, unlawful fishing is not eliminated completely. At the same time, the probability of causing damage to the sea environment can't be eliminated.
Therefore, the options mentioned above can be used to solve this issue.
The fish insurance plan paper made by the FAO in 2004 based on available data mentioned that, 75% of fisheries have been completely fatigued or been overfished. Relating to Delgado et al. (2003), because the 1973's, the intake of fish keeps on growing and to be able to meet the rising demand, creation has also increased at the same time. The consumption and development of fish are increased in developing countries than in developed countries. Fishery products are considered to be the most highly traded on the international market (FAO, 2004a). It had been observed by Schorr (2004) that in regards to a billion people on the planet depend on fish for their livelihood. The fisheries sector is definitely considered to be an important sector of many economies. It contributes significantly to the current economic climate in terms of food security, occupation and financial benefits especially to prospects involved in this activity. Bilateral Fisheries Agreements between the European union and third countries which been around since long as the normal Fisheries Policy gives the opportunity for the EU fleet to access resources which its associates cannot or do not want to exploit. However, although Bilateral Agreements facilitate usage of fisheries resources, it has also resulted in over exploitation of fisheries resources in expanding countries thereby lowering the amount of competitiveness. It really is further mentioned that increasing tariffs, supply side constraints and different rules of origin are among the factors which could hinder expansion and development in the growing countries. Furthermore, subsidies have led to market imperfections, reduction in competitiveness and may lead to economical instability. Moreover, increased international trade can lead to environmental problems and presents issues towards the accomplishment of sustainability. In order to achieve sustainability, livelihoods and environmental aspects need to be considered. However, the capability to obtain foreign earnings from trade is actually a way for countries to accomplish sustainability. Because of this, there's a need for useful use of the fishery and a wholesome marine environment in order to maintain output and to ensure so it continues to add effectively to the socio-economic development countries. The seafood and fisheries market has been observed a significant increase worldwide. Overfishing is known as to be the main barrier that prevents the fishing industry from attaining long term sustainability. Virtually all fishing grounds on earth and fishery resources are adversely influenced by overfishing (FAO, 2004a; Pauly et al. , 2002; Rock, 1997). With three-quarters of fish resources already under hazard, the importance of fish and fishery as a way to obtain socio-economic development worldwide is questionable. Different management and conservation options have been integrated to address the challenge of sustainability. Furthermore, RFMOs have also been set up to modify capacity measures on the success of sustainability. However, though several actions have been taken to counteract the challenge of sustainability, the situation of overcapacity continues to be persisting and is not solved yet.
The FAO has in the newspaper outlined the overexploitation of fisheries resources on the globe. Reference is made to the growing demand in fish consumption which includes entailed an unsustainable exploitation of the resources to increase source and in so doing has underestimated the benefits of the ecosystem encouraging marine life. In order to mitigate effects of such activities, the attention of the RFMOs has been attracted to direct effort in the establishing of appropriate legislations to control and screen the exploitation of the resources.
It is recognized that there is growing matter on the conservation and preservation of the fisheries resources. However, the newspaper has centered on fisheries in general, without highlighting particular focus on factors impacting on the tuna industry. It is therefore felt that paper will have limited contribution to the dissertation.
This newspaper of 'Sea Tuna Fisheries, East Asian Rivalries, and International Legislation' has been prepared in the framework of japan regulations and the overcapacity/IUU angling conundrum. Despite all efforts made both on a national and international stage, piracy continues to be a continual problem. In addition, IUU fishing keeps on rising impacting on both territorial and international waters. IUU sportfishing represents a significant threat to the long-term sustainability of the world's oceans and is pressing problem that is difficult to counteract. IUU fishing depletes fish stocks, destroys sea habitats, distorts competition specifically in developing countries and also influences the socio financial development of many people. It is widely accepted that fish shares are under severe pressure which is an extremely contested issue internationally. This continual problem arose as a result of innovative angling techniques that have been harmful to the marine environment, upsurge in angling fleets and continuous climb in the global demand for fish and fishery products. As believed by the FAO (2004), half the seafood stocks were already at full exploitation levels; seventeen percent of the seafood stocks were overexploited; seven percent were actually depleted. It has been widely recognised that tuna stocks and options worldwide are in risk, especially in the Pacific locations. It should however be mentioned that all tuna stocks never have been depleted yet. Since the execution of the U. N. Laws of the ocean Convention ("UNCLOS") in 1982, many activities have been used as well as other fishing agreements to donate to the sustainability of fisheries. However, because the UNCLOS consists of no provision, did not comprise of guidelines to regulate the exploitation of the marine environment and a plan to guarantee the conservation of migratory kinds, the UNCLOS agreement has been became a failure. To be able to deal with the persistent problem that your UNCLOS could not, RFMOs have been proven in every ocean to look at management and conservation measures to protect migratory species to be able to ensure its sustainability. The FAO implemented the Code of Conduct to lessen overexploitation of fish and prevent illegitimate angling. Further, International Strategies of Action ("IPOAs") was used to solve overcapacity in sportfishing and IUU angling. In view with the IPOA policy and achieve sustainability, Japan has significantly reduced its capacity of angling fleet. Moreover, Japan in addition has taken into account the International Percentage for the Conservation of Atlantic Tuna ("ICCAT"), and in the American and Central Pacific under the WCPFC to cope with IUU issues and better contribute to the conservation of marine resources. However, though Japan has made much work to reduce its fleet capacity, larger international attempts are required ensure sustainability. Work are also needed by other countries in order to achieve sustainability.
This paper talks about the sustainability of the world oceans under the impact of major threats of IUU fishing and the appearing issue of piracy. It underlines the depletion of the world tuna stock and highlights the activities of RFMO's to look at management and conservation measures of migratory fish species that have been not taken into account under the UNCLOS agreement. In addition, point out is made on the FAO Code of Do for accountable fisheries to reduce over-exploitation of seafood and the International Strategies of Action to solve over capacity in sportfishing.
Issues talked about in the paper may be of relevance to the dissertation with regards to effort aimed for the preservation and conservation methods taken up to ensure constant use of the resources to fulfill the need for the future generation. The newspaper has, however, not reviewed other exterior factors such as climate change, the growing price of gas and the impact of the EURO turmoil. Mauritius, being found in the spot of piracy procedure may be damaged by instability in the way to obtain raw materials because of its industry and therefore putting at stake the sustainability. It really is observed that in the paper, the situation has only been described without proposing concrete activities for its elimination.
According to the newspaper of 'EU CFP Reform: Towards Sustainable EU-ACP Fisheries Relations' it is found the fisheries sector is an important sector for Coastal ACP countries. The European union imports constitute of more than 60% with 10% of European union fish imports coming from ACP countries. In order to contribute towards lasting fisheries, the EU needs to take into consideration factors such as usage of resources, access to markets and investment funds which are important for the EU-ACP fisheries relations. Furthermore, appropriate framework should be founded so that all aspects of angling relations with developing countries contribute to sustainable fisheries. Thus, the challenge of achieving economical, environmental and sociable sustainability in fisheries requires the establishment of Ecological fisheries development that happen to be steady with FAO Code of Carry out for Sensible fisheries. Thus, to benefit from successful fisheries, participative and transparent dialogue about the measures the EU should be studied to make growing countries achieve sustainable fisheries and also in terms of transparency and participation of most stakeholders. Good governance agreements between the European union and the seaside countries are also needed. The nice governance agreement also needs to include severe regulations regarding gain access to and use of appropriate gears for fishing.
Tuna agreements should be in brand with RFMO's which manage tuna and tuna like kinds and to enable all countries to acquire equal access to tuna resources. It is noted that new fishing players can have access to high seas, and overcapacity can be reduced only if current sportfishing players quitting part of these share and reduce the capacity of the fishing fleets. Actions to put limit on capture and standards for gain access to, if not dealt with, may undermine tries to attain environmental and communal sustainability. To make producing countries become part of RFMO's and make RFMO better towards the accomplishment of sustainability, the EU should utilize various tools such as EPAs, FPAs, Development assistance which are available to them.
The fisheries sector contributes significantly to the nationwide economy in conditions of food security, work and poverty reduced amount of many expanding countries. Thus, the European union needs to invest in growing countries fisheries in order to keep up its contribution to socio economic development. In addition, improvement in general management of marine resources and increase trade in fish also require significant investment.
The EU possessed in the past invested in fishing capacity and in tuna handling facilities. However, these investments have proved to be a failure as expanding countries have never been able to attain the expected benefits. Moreover, overexploitation experienced further increased along with an increase in competition.
There has also been investment in the tuna sectors in many producing countries. The primary objective of this was to create employment also to enhance the infrastructure. Insufficient information, for example, may lead to illegal angling. Improvement in transparency has not been achieved yet. Efforts are required from different stakeholders and also federal government in order to improve transparency both in the European union and ACP countries
The paper shows the value of the contribution in terms of export of tuna of the ACP countries to the European union and underlines the necessity of the EU to consider factors such as usage of resources, usage of markets and assets which are essential for the EU-ACP fisheries relationships. Reference point was made on good governance contracts between the EU and the coastal countries that ought to include severe laws and regulations regarding gain access to and use of appropriate gears for sportfishing.
The paper also talks about tools such as EPAs, FPAs and development co-operation in relation to the role of RFMO's to be more efficient towards the achievements of sustainability. In addition, attention is drawn to investment by the EU in growing countries to keep its contribution to socio economical development. Further improvement in management of sea resources also to increase trade in seafood additionally require significant investment.
Issues lifted in the newspaper are in line with the subject of the dissertation being given that Mauritius is an associate of the ACP countries and almost all of its tuna products are exported to the European union. Mauritius has longstanding trade human relationships with several economic partners including the European union, US and Japan. Under specific trade contracts, it advantages from preferential market gain access to for its seafood products. It has also secured preferential access to many market segments including EU through the EPA, with the US under the AGOA, with Eastern and Southern Africa through the COMESA and SADC. Thus, this analysis could provide relevant information for the dissertation.
According to this review made on 'International Trade, Eco-labelling, and Sustainable Fisheries - recent issues, concepts and practices' it was found that qualification was very important. Certification of where, when and how fish are trapped is appearing as an important fisheries management tool. It is further observed that protection and quality of food are essential factors that have an effect on consumption. Because of concerns for health insurance and security, food labelling sometimes appears as subject matter of great interest in several food sectors including seafood. In addition, certification is a good tool to solve the IUU problem. Though eco-labelling is not so common in the fisheries sector, it offers evolved as a new tendency and has gained high importance in many European and US markets. The implementation of the Marine Stewardship Council in 1996 caused a growth in eco-labelling in fisheries. The MSC shows the value of NGO's in the management of fisheries with different members involved with production cycle such as processors, sellers, wholesalers and consumers. Products labelling give a concept of where the product comes from and its different contents. Regarding to Goodlund (2002), using brands to include information on the sort of environment where the good is produced has now surfaced as new trend. It could be based on the techniques of creation used to produce the product or its place where it is made. The labels also include information about the merchandise, expiry dates, substances, maker details and regulations to oversee the labels placed on juice. According to Vitalis (2002), eco-labelling identifies eco-labelling identifies the granting of product product labels to provide information to consumers impact of something on the environment. Eco-labels try to influence consumers towards the consumption of lasting fisheries products. However, in spite of the growth of eco-labelling, it has turned into a highly contested concern. The challenge to attain environmentally and cultural policy goals with labelling is doubtful. Moreover, labelling should follow the rules of the WTO. The need for eco-labels to be constant with the rules of international trade is very important in case there is widely traded goods such as fish and fish products. Eco-labelling is a way to reduce the financial bonuses for illegal sportfishing by preventing access to markets. Although eco-labelling is increasing in the fisheries sector, few benefits have been produced to the fisheries management. From a study undertaken by Teisl et al. in 2002, it was observed that labelling effort in the dolphin friendly' canned tuna inspired the consumption design and has also led to a rise on the market show of canned tuna. In addition, the MSC is providing bonuses to make fishing industries more mixed up in eco-labelling. The MSC is an effort to ensure that performance of fisheries surrounding the world is ecological. The target is to guarantee the long-term viability of seafood stocks. The aim of the MSC is to see consumers if the products result from sustainable fisheries resources through its product labels.
The authors of this paper have analyzed the value of qualification and eco-labeling in the fisheries sector highlighting the role of the 'third get together certification as marketed by the Sea Stewardship Council. Furthermore, attention has been drawn on the documentation to be an important tool in working with unlawful, unreported and unregulated (IUU) angling and indicating as to whether the harvesting and management have been completed in a ecological manner. Further, the paper refers to the task of the MSC reflecting the increasing need for NGOs as stakeholders in fisheries management in the complete production pattern: engaging with fishers, processors, wholesalers, sellers and consumers.
It is identified that the documentation and eco-labeling issues aren't well developed in the Mauritian tuna industry. This paper will provide guidance to the Mauritian Government bodies to pay particular focus on the problems and promote its development to react to exigencies of the EU which is the primary export market.
A analysis was made on 'Management of Tunas in the Indian Sea; a report of Kenya's implementation of international and local conservation and management actions for tuna'. It's been noted that tuna are the greatest and commercially the most important of most fisheries found in the EEZ. The tuna industry contributes significantly to the current economic climate of varied countries. It really is one of the major products in seafood international trade. They are in growing demand across the world market. The ongoing go up in global demand worldwide has resulted in an increase in sportfishing capacity. This increase in capacity has in turn led to overexploitation and even to depletion of tuna stocks. These problems have surfaced as impediment to accomplish sustainability of tuna resources. To be able to ensure supply of tuna in the foreseeable future and maintain sustainability of tuna resources, effective management and conservation measures are needed. It really is discovered that tuna plays a substantial role throughout the market of Pacific islands as a source of nutrition, revenue and welfare. Like other resources, tuna resources also need to abide by the guidelines of international rules. Having a huge EEZ, Kenya has the potential to purchase the development of the tuna industry. However, lack of financial capacity and knowledge in the field has became a constraint to Kenya to get tuna. Having significant tuna resources in its EEZ managed to get possible for foreign vessels to enter in the EEZ of Kenya. However, since Kenya was unable to control fishing activities in its EEZ resulted in a rise in illegal fishing. Kenya therefore was required to use appropriate options to monitor fishing activities. However, key studies confirmed that Fisheries Action did not make any provision for the development of strategies to control tuna resources. It was further observed that regulatory and laws and regulations concerning catch limitations and useful management of tuna resources weren't effective. Measures adopted by Kenya to monitor activity weren't based on the guidelines of IOTC. The management program in Kenya didn't address the capability problem which resulted in overexploitation of tuna stock. This insufficient legislations managed to get difficult for Kenya to achieve sustainability in its tuna resources. Additionally, data management system operating in Kenya had not been efficient as the info obtained regarding the tuna fisheries were inaccurate and of poor quality. These inefficiencies managed to get difficult to keep an eye on tuna catches from Kenya. Methods adopted by Kenya regarding the data system weren't consistent with the restrictions of the international legislations. Further, it was outlined that the fisheries sector in Kenya weren't given enough priority. These discrepancies proved to be a failure to make reliable use of tuna resources. This in turn made it difficult to accomplish sustainability of such resources. Hence, it was found that in order to effectively maintain its resources and ensure the permanent sustainability of the tuna resources in the foreseeable future, Kenya must abide by the necessary rules and respond to its international commitments effectively.
The paper makes reference to the increasing demand of tuna on the international market, the over angling capacity resulting in over exploitation of the resources and presents a Kenya's execution of international and local conservation and management procedures for tuna. The ineffective management of the resources was cited among the drawbacks of the country to ensure sustainability. Issues to abide to international obligations were also a matter of matter. Though, the paper deals with general issues which have an impact on the sustainability of the tuna resources of the country, reference point can be made to the limitations in resources to execute rules and obligations effectively.
Mauritius encounters some similar problems compared to that of Kenya. Illegal angling still persists and the piracy problem has surfaced. Despite the intensive EEZ, Mauritius is still reliant on imports of fish products to a significant degree. Further, the absence of a strategic management plan is an impediment to sustainably exploiting the fisheries and marine resources. Probably, it isn't given priority awareness in the government's plan. Hence, a few of the measures mentioned to counteract the issues encountered by Kenya can be used as helpful information for my dissertation.
According to the analysis conducted on 'Recent innovations in the tuna industry-stocks, fisheries, management, handling, trade and markets', it could be mentioned that tuna fisheries will be the largest and commercially the main of most fisheries. From the analysis, it was found that a lot of the tuna supply comes from the Pacific Ocean and account for about 64% of the full total world catch. It is followed by the Indian Sea which signifies 25% and the Atlantic Sea representing 11%. Stock position is under the management of RFMO's which take into consideration the biomass and MSY. It had been seen that though the biomass was above or near to reference point, for some stock the mortality rate exceeded the MSY. Thus giving indication of overfishing. Moreover, the fisheries have been through innovative mutations through progressive know-how in sportfishing gears. Just lately, FADs methods were used and had a higher effect on catches. The marketing system of the fish has also been subject to much change. Different programs of circulation such as sellers, wholesalers and merchants are being used to market the catches. Therefore affected the price tag on tuna. Additionally, it was discovered that the demand and supply of tuna have observed a big rise across the world market. The main market for canned tuna was seen to be the USA, Japan and the EU. Furthermore, tuna factories were relocated from developed countries to be able to have easier access to raw materials. This proved to be an advantage to the industry as it offers led to a fall season in labour and transhipment cost and has facilitated exports. With tuna being migratory varieties, fishing them to create need a sizable capital investment. The problem has further been exacerbated by globalisation and continuous rise popular which led to an increase in marketing and transport costs. Fluctuations in the exchange rate also impact the tuna industry. This in turn influenced the operating costs. The planet tuna industry is mainly affected by major currencies like the Euro and the buck. Functioning costs will fluctuate in different countries as it depends upon which currency has been used and also the exchange rate. These factors therefore add further complexities to the tuna market. Management actions have been put in place by the RFMO to control tuna stocks and shares and solve problems such as unnecessary capacity, IUU, by catch issues. However, it is extensively acknowledged that all tuna RFMOs are finding it more and more difficult to attain consensus on management procedures. Consumers nowadays are interested to know whether the food these are consuming come from sustainable sources. Consequently, many organisations have started to label sea products to inform the consumers about its source of origin and the environment where the good has been produced. A GLOBAL Seafood Sustainability Foundation (ISSF) was create by tuna canning industry to work with various NGO's and the RFMO towards obtaining long term sustainability.
This paper provides home elevators the stock position of tuna and the launch of specific gears such as Novelty to exploit the resources to meet up with the growing demand for tuna products world-wide. In doing this, the condition of over capacity sportfishing has emerged and presently the RFMO's have to battle to reach consensus on arranged management actions to maintain the tuna stock. The aspects of marketing and relocation of tuna factories in areas of quick access to provision of raw materials have been discussed. The difference in working costs in various countries due to the affect of the EURO and Money in addition has been outlined. The setting up of the ISSF to deal with the labelling of marine product for providing information to consumers has also been brought up.
The newspaper will be useful as reference for the dissertation in the sense that it offers pertinent information which range from the tuna stock to management measures through the information of marketing and costs aspects.
The analysis made on 'Are Pacific Island Claims losing their privileges to tuna resources?' demonstrated that the Pacific islands is the most crucial tuna angling area on the planet and supplies over fifty percent of all tunas. The tuna industry added marginally to the current economic climate in the 1970's. However, it has gained high impetus by the 1980's. Tuna getting possessed increased a whole lot since then and was done on a huge scale. Therefore has resulted in an increase in economical efficiency but at the trouble of depletion in stock of tuna resources. Pacific islands were largely dominated by faraway water fleets. For instance, Japan inserted the island mainly to meet the high demand in their country. In addition, fishing was not handled and was of free gain access to. Once the UNCLOS was devote drive in the 1982's, Pacific islands could actually bill fees for being able to access their seas and also developed management measures to monitor angling in their seas. Since Pacific islands did not have enough capital, that they had to grant usage of distant sportfishing fleets. Despite having massive amount tuna resources, Pacific islands didn't have the potential to tap such resources and make useful use of computer to ensure their long-term financial development and is now facing depletion in their tuna stocks. The Development determined the factors resulting in such change. It had been found that distant-water fishing countries were utilizing the political influence which they possessed compared to island areas' sovereignty to protect their own fisheries somewhat than contributing to the financial and sustainable development of the islands' economies. Pacific islands also agreed upon other agreements in order to protect their domestic economy. A rise in competition for tuna by faraway sportfishing fleets allowed Pacific islands to impose higher fees, thus increasing their earnings from tuna resources. The tuna fishing was growing quickly but at the trouble of the sustainability of the resource. A percentage was also developed to take on overfishing problems in Pacific islands. However, it didn't succeed in getting together with its aims as its decision making structure and international fleets' interests took control over the Pacific island's tuna resources.
The newspaper directs attention mainly to the impact of distant fishing fleets operating within the Pacific areas to meet their increasing demand in tuna. By doing this, exploitation of the resources was completed in such manner to increase monetary efficiency at the trouble of sustainability. Though, fees are being charged from foreign sportfishing fleets to use in your community, the Pacific Islands havent been able to safeguard their domestic current economic climate and sometimes being in situation of political interferences from foreign pressure.
The paper gives relevant information to islands states with inadequate capital resources to exploit by themselves their tuna resources and have to holiday resort to foreign capacity which might take good thing about these weaknesses. The dissertation may make reference to such cases to advise regulators on the precautionary methodology whilst licensing foreign fleets to operate in the EEZ.
3. 1 Extra research
Besides making reference to relevant documents and studies coping with the subject of the tuna industry, the planning of the dissertation will not be possible in the lack of satisfactory data and information available from other resources. The main way to obtain data will be available at the Ministry of Fisheries through annual reports, magazines, journals and updates. Information, apart from those that have been noted, and provided through discussions with higher officials of the Ministry, will also be used as having weight of information.
Data requirement is of essence for the analytical procedure for the dissertation in relation to the assessment of different factors impacting on the Mauritian Tuna Industry. These data covering a ten 12 months period includes:
Time series data on the get from local sportfishing vessels and qualified foreign get of tuna - Mauritius of Fisheries
Trans-shipment of tuna -Ministry of Fisheries
Export of tuna and tuna products - Mauritius Information, Ministry of Industry and Commerce
Import of natural material for handling- Mauritius Figures, Ministry of Industry and Business, Ministry of Fisheries
Import of tuna- Mauritius Information, Ministry of Industry and Business, Ministry of Fisheries
Employment in the tuna industry- Mauritius Statistics
Market price for tuna - Mauritius Statistics
Exchange rates- Mauritius Statistics
Number of fishing licenses released - Ministry of Fisheries
GDP- Mauritius Statistics
Rate of inflation - Mauritius Statistics
METHODOLOGY
The methodology is the central area of the dissertation being given that it provides an in-depth examination conducted as well as a full discourse of the results obtained from the regression models to evaluate the different variables impacting on the Mauritian Tuna Industry and therefore its sustainability. Suggestions will be made predicated on results obtained to guide beneficiaries of the job to direct work in the establishment of action plans for implementation. A primary research and a second research way will be conducted to recognize required parameters, collect data and information important to the subject, analyse them and assess their impact with respect to the sustainability of the industry. After having considered cognizance of the status of the tuna industry, it has been found that the most likely approach with regards to the primary research is to perform interviews and by way of questionnaires with the worried stakeholders.
4. 1 Major research
In line with the dissertation subject for 'An analysis of factors impacting on the Mauritian tuna industry and the development of future strategy to ensure its sustainability', it's important to ascertain what are the factors influencing the industry and exactly how they actually so. For this purpose, the researcher will carry out most important research to unveil home elevators factors affecting the tuna industry and prevent its development. The proposed approach of interviews and questionnaires will be carried among different stakeholders to gather relevant data and information.
In the above context, it is suggested to interview and consult with the high administrative officers of the Ministry of Fisheries who are immediately involved with plans and strategies of the Ministry based on the tuna industry and tuna issues. It really is known that the Ministry of Fisheries has under its responsibility a Fisheries Research Section where a staff of Scientific Officers and Technical Officers get excited about undertaking scientific tests on tuna. Arrangements will be made with these officers to have debate and interviews with them on tuna resources and their exploitation in your community. Officials of the Monitoring, Control and Security Division will also be interviewed on the management and enforcement issues.
Fishing Companies are involved in the exploitation of the tuna resources using local or foreign fleet, producing the fish get into seafood products and export mainly to the European union. It is essential to meet these stakeholders as they have got useful home elevators the tuna industry. Conferences will be organized with Directors and Professionals of the Companies to comprehend the advantages, weaknesses and difficulties of the industry about the different factors impacting the sustainability of the industry.
The Mauritius Export Association (MEXA) groups nearly all companies involved with export of products including fish products. Promotion and marketing of fisheries products on the international market is under the duty of the MEXA with the support of the Ministry of Fisheries performing as a facilitator. Meetings will be organised with MEXA to discuss on issues and constraints being encountered for the export of seafood and seafood products.
The Panel of Investment (BOI) is the countrywide Investment Promotion Organization of the Republic of Mauritius slipping under the aegis of the Ministry of Fund and Economic Development. As Mauritius starts to the earth, transforming itself into a globally competitive business program, BOI has put at the removal of the international business community a personalised range of services to attract international opportunities and abilities to the united states. With strong industry know-how and international exposures, the BOI is well-equipped to provide priceless information for successful business launches and investment projects in Mauritius like the tuna industry.
It is therefore essential to discuss with the Director of the BOI also to be guided on future avenues for the introduction of the tuna industry.
Small and Medium Enterprises are mostly involved in the processing of seafood products for the neighborhood market. However, opportunities do are present for export to the regional countries as well as the European union. Contacts with the several Professionals will be set up to be apprised with their problems and future troubles for their growth and development.
A section of the fishermen community is specialised in the fishing of tuna and tuna like kinds around Seafood Aggregating Devices (Novelty). This development is mainly targeted for the local market. It really is proposed to deliver questionnaires to associations of such fishermen to obtain information on the tuna stock and their constraints to be utilized as weight of evidence. They will be necessary to make suggestions on the sustainability of their activities.
Questionnaires will be distributed to at least 5 stakeholders in each category, specifically:
Administrators of the Ministry of Fisheries
Scientists of the Fisheries Research Division
Directors and Managers of Fishing Companies
Directors and Managers of Fish Handling Companies
Director of MEXA
Director of Panel of Investment (BOI)
Director of Small and Medium Industry Development Organisation (SMIDO)
Chairmen of Fishermen Organizations for Novelty fishery
4. 2 Supplementary research
Besides most important research, the researcher will devote a significant amount of time in the collection of relevant secondary data from different options during the last ten yr period. The dissertation will at the first example identify all the factors impacting on the tuna industry ranging from the provision of raw materials to the finished product. For the purpose of the analysis, it is suggested to work with the export value as the dependant changing. Subsequently, data within the period going back a decade will be collected from sources available at the Ministry of Fisheries, the Mauritius Statistics Bureau and the Ministry of Industry and Business. Independent variables include total catch, amount of licences given, transhipment, imports, career, inflation, exchange rate and market price going back ten time period. Knowledge on the degrees of impact of the independent parameters on the export is of paramount importance in order to formulate future technique for the industry's sustainability and ensure a far more significant and on-going contribution to the Mauritian overall economy. The following unbiased factors have been discovered as factors to have an effect on the dependent variable and will need to be resolved and analysed in the dissertation:
Total Catch of Tuna and Tuna-like kinds - Total capture comprises get by local and foreign vessels exploiting the EEZ and getting same at the fishing port. Data on get from the neighborhood fishermen doing some fishing around FADs may also be contained in the total get. It impacts the export of tuna. A rise in total catch will increase supply of tuna and hence enable processing organizations to export more. However, a fall season in local and overseas catch will reduce the supply of tuna, producing a land in export.
Number of licenses issued to local and overseas angling vessels - Mauritius has no adequate financial resources to invest into building up of an area fleet to exploit the fisheries resources within its EEZ exclusively and therefore has to vacation resort to foreign capacities. In this framework, licenses to fish in the Mauritian waters are given to foreign fleet under agreements. A rise in the number of licences released will lead to a rise in catch which will in turn increase exports. However, if government adopts a restrictive plan, less licenses will be released and lead to a semester in exports. It is therefore felt that the amount of licenses to be granted should be carefully analyzed on one end to increase contribution to the neighborhood current economic climate and on the other to exploit the resources in a ecological manner.
Transhipment - Overseas fishing vessels operating beyond your EEZ of Mauritius uses the dock facilities for transhipment of their product to different countries. Transhipment is considered as an export for Mauritius and therefore constitutes an important factor to be analyzed.
Imports -Mauritius is dependent to a large magnitude on the importation of raw materials (frozen tuna) to give food to its processing plants. The refined products are then exported to international markets. Significant reduction in availability of raw materials may hamper development, thus having consequent impact on export, resulting in a reduction in monetary contribution of the industry.
Employment - Work in the tuna industry comprises the labour drive in the processing plants, fishermen employed in fishing fleet, helping employees and the administrative cadre. For the purpose of the dissertation, less attention will get to indirect job. It is imperative to have an ideal level of work to ensure uninterrupted production to supply the market.
Inflation - Inflation refers to an over-all and sustained go up in the costs of goods and services. It can cause costs and prices of tuna to rise. High inflation gets the trend to be associated with low exports, thus lowering earnings of the industry and lead to unsustainability, less appropriate and timely decisions are taken to stabilise the problem. Therefore, the impact of the inflation factor on the dependent variable should be clearly understood to steer stake holders on decision making.
Exchange rate- The affect of exchange rate as an external factor cannot be dictated by the stakeholders. However, in the facial skin on uncertainties, creation of tuna and tuna products and hence export will be undermined and could result in the increased loss of competiveness. The imminence of further depreciation of the EURO is a potential source of instability in export income and as such needs to be analyzed in the dissertation.
Market Price - According to the law of demand submit by Marshall (1980), there is an inverse romance between price and demand. A growth in the price of tuna may cause demand to land, thereby minimizing export. Alternatively, a fall in cost increase demand and therefore export. Being given that Mauritius is dependent on the export of tuna on the foreign market, any significant price deviation will have immediate bearing on the success of the industry and hence deserve to get attention.
These secondary data and any other additional information are available at the Ministry of Fisheries, Mauritius Information Bureau, the Tuna Sportfishing Control Companies, the Mauritius Export Association, Connection of Tuna Fishermen, The Small and Medium Businesses Development Company and the Ministry of Industry and Business.
4. 3 Evaluation of results
In order to examine the result of the identified independent factors on the dependent on, lots of econometric models can be found to testify the amount of impact of the different parameters. Furthermore, forecasting of the export for season 2013 will be completed using the Exponential Smoothing method. It's been found appropriate to use the Multiple Regression Model for the examination of the factors completed using typical least rectangular (OLS).
The dependent changing (Export) will be a function of some self-employed variables such as capture, import, variety of licences, occupation, transhipment, inflation, exchange rate and selling price as expressed in the overall equation below:
Y= f (X1 + X2 + X3 + X4 + X5 + X6 + X7 + X8)
In functional form it will be:
Log Y= †0 + †1 LogX1 + †2 LogX2 + †3 LogX3 + †4 LogX4 + †5 LogX5 + †6 LogX6 + †7 LogX7 + †8LogX8 + Ut
Where Log Y = Export of tuna
†0 =constant parameter representing the intercept
†1-†8 = coefficients of the variables
Log X1 = Catch
Log X2 = Range of licences
Log X3 = Transhipment
Log X4 = Import
Log X5 = Employment
Log X6 = Inflation
Log X7= Exchange Rate
Log X8 = Market Price
Ut= Error term
4. 4 Exponential Smoothing
"Forecasting involves making projections about f
