Necessity is the mom of invention. Inside the Philippines, there are numerous local inventions created by Filipinos that are locally and even internationally used because of its functionality and its usefulness. Actually, you'll find so many inventions copyrighted in the Philippines. According to the Filipino Inventor's Contemporary society, there are about 3000 patent holders and intellectual property exponents countrywide. Despite this quantity, there isn't much recognition from the Filipinos themselves as some of the inventions that are considered useful aren't really used commercially in the Philippines.
In lieu of this, the Philippine Government has provided laws and regulations on promoting and safeguarding local inventions. Among these laws and regulations are the Traders and Invention Bonuses Act (RA 7459), Philippine Inventors Incentives Act (RA 3850) and the Intellectual Property Code of the Philippines. These laws and regulations are created in the fact that there are linkages among the development of technology and technology, specially the technological progress through inventions, with countrywide financial development.
This paper seeks to prove when there is a substantial implication of local inventions to nationwide development in the context of the Philippines. Aswell as to analyze the current situation of the neighborhood inventions in the Philippines and the principles to which it revolves such as the laws regulating patents and intellectual property.
Today local inventors and inventions alike are slowly lessening due to several problems that they encounter while in the procedure for inventing. These problems to name a few are; insufficient visibility from the media, insufficient proper implementation of regulations and regulations regarding inventors and inventions, the need for more recognition and information regarding patents and the commercialization process. The many problems that an inventor encounters are what hinder him from potentially affecting national development and highlighting the innate abilities of a Filipino from both local and international market.
According to Carmen Peralta, Director of the IPO Information, Paperwork and Technology Transfer Bureau, "only if given the needed vulnerability, inventors would be influenced to work harder that could eventually translate to more patents. " The short volume of patent applications and the essential lack of support from the marketing in conditions of reputation and endorsement is grounds for immediate action on both federal government and the multimedia. Having less public exposure is what continues local inventors away from possibly inducing technological change in countrywide development.
B. STATEMENT ON THE PROBLEM
This review will answer the primary problem: How do local inventions induce technical change for Country wide Development? In answering the key problem several sub-problems or sub-questions must be accounted first.
a) What exactly are the current issues regarding local inventions?
b) How exactly does the federal government support local inventions?
c) What model is necessary to investigate local inventions, technological change, and countrywide development?
C. HYPOTHESIS
Local Invention:
Ho: Authorities support does not contribute to the development of local invention
H1: Authorities support contributes to the introduction of local invention
National Development:
Ho: Local Inventions does not have any significant implication to Country wide Development
H1: Local Inventions has a significant implication to Country wide Development.
D. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
In this newspaper we used main frameworks in comprehending research and technology which is the Linear style of innovation (Godin, 2006) in conformity with Vernon W. Ruttan's review entitled; Usher and Shumpeter on Invention, Technology and Technological change*1959.
In range with the analysis of Ruttan, he assumed that almost all of the public scientist practices a certain collection in which technology, innovation and technological change are purchased in a rational series (Ruttan, 1959).
Invention Development Technological Change
After generalizing the correct series assumed by most cultural scientist in the past, he then resolved the terminological problem between invention, innovation and technological change by synthesizing two prominent studies in linear model of technology by Usher and Shumpeter. V. W Ruttan insinuated a fusion of an. P. Usher's steps in the technology process (Usher 1954) and Schumpeter's concept of technology (Godin, 2006).
Shumpeter distinguishes invention from advancement.
"Innovation can be done without anything we should identify as technology, and invention does not necessarily induce technology, but produces of itself. . . no economically relevant effect in any way. 6"
According to Ruttan, Schumpeter's definition of innovation is within terms of any change in the form of the development function (Ruttan, 1959).
"We will now define creativity more rigorously through the production function. . . . This function explains how quantity of products varies if level of factors vary. If, rather than levels of factors we differ the form of the function, we have an creativity. 7"
Ruttan eradicated the differentiation between technology and technology as he discusses Usher's steps in invention process but included the idea of defining innovation by means of production function. This is where the synthesis came into being (Ruttan, 1959).
The meaning of invention by Usher is within conditions of "new things" that want an "act of understanding" going beyond the standard exercise of specialized or professional skill (Ruttan, 1959).
"Inventive works of insight are unlearned activities that result in new organizations of previous knowledge and experience. 6 Such functions of information frequently emerge in the course of performing serves of skill, though characteristically the action of information is induced by the mindful perception of any unsatisfactory gap in knowledge or function of action. 7"
In the Chapter IV of the revised edition of A BRIEF HISTORY of Mechanical Innovations, Usher was thought to discourse on the event of one's innovations on the other hand with the performance of functions of skill through cumulative synthesis (Ruttan, 1959). With this dialogue, Ruttan figured it is more appropriate to give this is of technology as a subsection of innovation and moving Usher's information of technology to innovation-"Indeed, it would be more consistent with both popular use and the terminology of other disciplines to work with the term development to designate any "new thing" in the area of knowledge, technology, or art work" (Ruttan, 1959).
The definition of scientific change employed by students of efficiency and technical change is thought to have a detailed similarity with this is of development provided by Shumpeter. Compare, for example, a recent definition by Solow with these quotation from Schumpeter. (Ruttan, 1959).
If Q signifies productivity and K and L symbolize capital and labor in "physical" devices, then the aggregate production function can be written as:
Q = F(K, L; t)
the adjustable t. . . looks in F to allow for technical change. I am using the term "technical change" as a shorthand expression for almost any a transfer in the production function. "9
According to Ruttan, the sole problem with this description of scientific change is the fact it does not emphasize the specific process of scientific change. Thus a need for a proper analytical definition is crucial.
After providing a clear difference between invention, technology and technological change, Ruttan offered three prominent recommendations in this study specifically; first one should never attempt to provide an analytical classification of invention and depict it as a subset of specialized advancement which is patentable. Second, the extension of the definition of innovation is necessary so much concerning cover the entire range of techniques where "new things" emerge in knowledge, technology, and artwork. Third, The use of technological change in the useful sense-" to specify changes in the coefficients of your function relating inputs to outputs resulting from the request of inventions in technology and in economical organization" (Ruttan, 1959).
In conformity to the study of Ruttan, the linear style of creativity will be use as suggested in Ruttan's analysis. "The linear model of innovation starts off with basic research, then adds applied research and development, and ends with creation and diffusion" (Ruttan, 1959):
Basic research Applied research & Development (Creation and) Diffusion
In function: Development = Basic research+Applied research & development+Diffusion
It has been known that the foundation of this linear model has remain indefinable since it has never been noted. Despite its popular use, you may still find many criticisms that surround the theory and even proclaiming it as a inactive model. The long success of the model despite regular criticisms is because of information (Godin, 2006).
Overall, we will be using the explanations and ideas provided by Ruttan. We will not provide an examination on technology. We will use the linear model of invention for the examination of technology as advised by Ruttan-extend the idea of innovation to protect the entire range of process where "new things" emerge. We use the provided definition of the technical change, by Solow, in Ruttan's review in order to analyze invention to countrywide economy.
The linear model of innovation in compliance to V. W. Ruttan analysis of 1958 is an effective framework for this paper. This paper analytically analyzed technology and technical change of the Philippine local invention as advised by Ruttan. Also, the simpleness of the linear model can be considered a proper starting point in analyzing insufficient data availability such as the condition of the Philippine local technology.
E. EMPIRICAL FRAMEWORK
In this newspaper we attempt to analyze technology, as identified in Ruttan's 1959 research, and technological change of Philippine local technology in the entire year 1900-2010. In inspecting innovation we use the linear style of innovation specially the the one which was defined by Ruttan in his 1959 study.
Linear model of innovation
X = f(B, A, D)
X: Innovation
B: Basic research
A: Applied research
D: Diffusion
Empirical framework
X= f(D, E, F, G)
X: #of local invention
D: # of scientist and engineer
E: Annual R&D expenditures/ government allocated funds
F: # of clients/beneficiaries
G: # of commercialized local invention
In analyzing technical change we will use Solow's function for technological change.
Solow's Technological change function
Q = F(K, L; t)
Q: Aggregate output
K: Capital
L: Labor
t: Complex change
Empirical Framework
Q=F(K, L, I; t)
Q: GDP
K: Invesments
L: Labor force
I: Local invention
t: Techie Change
F. SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY
Invention and invention are actually important components for the development of modern societies (Marton-LefЁvre, 2003). This study is important therefore in order to analyze the existing status of the neighborhood innovations in the Philippines and its own linkage to countrywide development. Since it has always been based on the presence of necessity that inventions are created, there is always a need and a demand for inventions specifically for the less developed countries that are in the process of industrialization. However, this demand for local invention is nearly evident in the Philippine market. This research therefore aims to analyze the current issues that local inventions face and examine the effectiveness of the creativity system that we have in the Philippines. Matching to Johnson et al, the annals and development of the development system concept shows that it could be useful for examining less developed economies (Johnson, Edquist, & Lundvall, 2003). This newspaper therefore, is significant in order for us to become aware of the existing situation of the local inventions, its background and development in the Philippines in order to create answers to its problems. This research is important also for us to learn the impact of local inventions to our market and also provide basis on the applicability of the idea that innovations, being the source of technological change, can result in national development.
F. Opportunity AND LIMITATION
The study is bound to the local inventions which were given residential patent grants. That is to be sure that the local invention exceeded the standards of IPPHIL and WIPO. Which means that the local invention complies with the typical definition of technology by these two patent offices. The scope of the study in terms of commercialization process only includes local inventions that were licensed, opportunity and given. These three are the basic ways to commercialize an technology. The examination of current issues in local inventions will be limited by the data provided by the total annual article of TAPI-Technology application and promoting institute, the state authorities institute that helps local invention to be commercialized. The timeframe of the analysis is from 2000-2010. That is because of the lack of availability of some data's regarding local inventions. The region of the analysis is in the Philippine setting up. Local inventions created by a Filipino with patent offer.
CHAPTER 2
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
I. CURRENT SITUATION OF LOCAL INVENTION
"Local inventions comprised only 1 1. 2% of over 8, 000 patents awarded by the IPO (Intellectual Property Office) of the Philippines over the last six years, indicating having less awareness on the worthiness of IP protection under the law" (Flores, 2007) Presently there is a insufficient patent applications as explained by the IPO by Filipino inventors who wish to patent their inventions, because of lack of awareness on the value of such patent protection under the law, inventors tend to not apply at all. Having less knowledge of Filipino inventors on such patent protection under the law and exclusive incentives are one of the reason why of the tiny percentage of patent applications. "The number one reason is the level of understanding on the option of support services being provided by the IPO" (Gefty, 2011)
In order to solve the current problems of the Philippine local inventors, there were laws existing to aid and encourage the neighborhood inventions.
One of which is the Republic Action 7459, or the Shareholders and Invention Bonuses Function of the Philippines whose goal is to provide priority to technology and its utilization on the country's effective systems and national life; and also to this end provide bonuses to buyers and protect their exclusive to their invention, particularly when the invention is beneficial to the people and plays a part in national development and improvement. A few of its procedures are to provide cash rewards amounting up to Php100, 000. 00 to the chosen remarkable inventors They also give tax bonuses and exemptions as well as invention development assistance money through the Technology Software and Promotion Institute in the amount of at least twelve percent (12%) of the annual operations finance of the Institute from donations, bequests, and other sources, open public, private or domestic or foreign, for assisting potential or actual inventors in the original experiments and prototype development and other inventor-development related activities of invention or invention.
Included in Article 5 of RA 7459 is the Invention Guarantee Account created by RA no. 3850. A continuing gross annual appropriation in the quantity of not less than Ten Million Pesos (P10, 000, 000. 00) shall also be provided for this purpose in the twelve-monthly budget of the Office of Knowledge and Technology. The Finance shall also be utilized for special financing programs for Filipino inventions pursuant under this Work. This also includes Financial and Loan The help of Government Banks of only Two-hundred 1000 Pesos (P200, 000. 00). These are Loan assistance for the commercial production of an invention, either locally or for export and duly accredited by the Filipino Inventors Culture and the Screening process Committee created under Section 4, shall be extended by federal government banking companies: Provided, That said invention meets the criteria that might enhance the overall economy of the country such as profitability and viability, dollar-earning capacity, and generation of occupations for Filipinos: Provided, further, That said loan shall be assured by the IGF.
II. THE PROCEDURE OF INVENTION
It has been known that we know inside our hearts what an technology is and the idea of "technology" is said to have assumed a status like that of "consciousness" or "brain, " something we can exhibit of however, not quite articulate (Arthur, 2005). WIPO provided a definition of invention such as; a new product or process that solves a specialized problem. Invention is an example of an intellectual property. Under the intellectual property, there are two categories specifically; professional property and copyright. Invention is categorized under industrial property. An technology must be branded in order to safeguard ones intellectual property privileges. An invention must, in general, fulfil the following conditions to be covered by a patent. Before it could be patented, one invention must abide by the requirements of WIPO such as; "It must be of practical use; it must show an component of "novelty", meaning some new feature that is not area of the body of existing knowledge in its particular specialized field and must show an "inventive step" that cannot be deduced by the person with average understanding of the complex field" (WIPO, 2000).
It has been emphasize that the sole most important component of long term progress is the innovative activity (Rosenberg, 2004). This Innovative activity can be in terms of group or production. Focusing on production, almost all of us will think about scientific improvement created by inventions. A handful of readings will point out how important inventions are to your economy; in the majority of the developed country have economical indicators associated with technological progress. A great deal have been said about how important inventions are but only some will notify about how it came about.
In the study conducted by Ruttan, he cited a study of Usher; spotting and agreeing with the claims. In Usher's Chapter IV of the modified edition of A History of Mechanical Innovations, he recognizes three general approaches on how invention came into being; the transcendentalist, mechanistic process and the cumulative synthesis (Ruttan, 1959). Matching to Usher the transcendentalists ascribe the occurrence of invention to the occasional inspiration of a genius who every once in awhile realizes a direct knowledge of indispensable truth through the exercise of intuition. As the Mechanistic process symbolizes a new blend of individual elements that gathered over time. This technique came about anticipated to requirement and that the inventor is just a musical instrument of the functions. One of the three approaches on how invention came into being, Usher believed and agreed with the cumulative synthesis-major inventions materialize through cumulative synthesis of simple innovations, each which entails an individual "act of information. " In case of individual invention, four steps were defined: belief of the situation, setting the stage (the gathering of elements and data needed for the construction of the possible solution), the take action of perception (the establishment of the answer to the challenge) and critical revision (can be comprehended and working) (Ruttan, 1959). Matching to Usher, these three strategies will be the possible logic behind how inventions are made, but at the same time criticizing the first two techniques and agreeing with the cumulative synthesis.
The other way of looking about how invention came about is by way of a sociological and economical perspective. One writer mentioned that novel systems are affected by communal needs; they come up from experiences beyond your standard domain; they often originated in cultures that reinforce risk; they retort to financial incentives (such as demand or factor price changes); they combine with the build up of technological knowledge; they start better with the interchange of information which is often mediated by systems of fellow workers (Arthur, 2005). Overall, the procedure of technology is compound, lengthy, identified, knowledge generating, boundary-transgressing, and notable for several other features (THE LEMELSON-MIT PROGRAM, 2004).
Besides looking in the invention process by itself, invention will never be around if not because of its creator, the inventor. There are a variety of skills and disposition that can be attributed to the production of technology such as; "resourcefulness, resilience, a committed action to useful action, nonconformity, love for the work, unquenchable optimism and many more. Skills and potential illustrations: mental versatility, alertness to practical problems and opportunities, capacity to complement one's skills with the challenge, using a tool equipment of effective ways to conceptualize and break down the problems, and self-knowledge helpful in managing one's endeavours" and etc (THE LEMELSON-MIT PROGRAM, 2004).
After knowing the process of technology and sample skills of inventors, we should recognize the value of R&D in the technology process. Currently most of invention does not come from an individual but by groups such as research institute financed by the federal government or private companies. These institutes are normally called research and development (R&D) institutes. According to OECD explanation, Research and development is a term used in covering three activities: basic research, applied research, and experimental development. It has been said that the common role of R&D is to encourage technology and technology by bettering the power of businesses to find out about developments in the industry leading ('absorptive capacity') (Griffith, 2001).
III. THE PROCEDURE OF COMMERCIALIZATION
It is a given fact that the primary goal of invention is to solve issues by technological process with this the beneficiaries of the invention will be satisfied. But how about the inventor, aside from the sense of achievements and acknowledgement what can he benefit from his technology? Here lays the focus on the commercialization process of invention.
There are different ways to commercialize ones invention; either through licensing, self-venture or assignment. It's been noted that To be able to reach the marketplace, you have to find a person who can sell your invention or sell it yourself (Country wide Renewable Energy Lab, 1999).
According to WIPO, Licensing occurs whenever a licensor grants or loans exploitation rights over the patent to a licensee. A certificate is also a legal contract, and so it pieces the conditions and condition of the exchange of privileges including other important details in using or producing one's invention (Mendes, 2000). Many inventors undertake licensing as a result of huge amount of money they can acquire and the level of responsibility is leaner than using or retailing your own invention (National Renewable Energy Lab, 1999). There are considerable pros and cons regarding the licensing process. Here's the synopsis: the pros; licensing multiplies the resources to develop your invention, you can create some money and you'll make it soon, and licensing frees you to do something else. The negatives; you lose control of the technology; your own engagement is reduced, finding the right licensee is difficult and safeguarding your interests is vital (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1999).
It has been mentioned by the Country wide Renewable Energy Lab in United States that venturing or commercializing your technology by yourself is just about the hardest path to take particularly if one doesn't have a backdrop about business and marketing. It requires a whole lot of business skills and cable connections to be able to successfully commercialized ones technology. There are also pros and cons with the use of this process. The pros; running a company can be interesting, in the long run, you may make much more money which is your company and also you control it. The cons; it's risky, resources remain limited, you'll be working and working and you probably won't make much money for quite a while (National Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1999).
In an project involves there is a trade and transmission of possession of the patent by the assignor to the assignee (Mendes, 2000). It is probably the simplest way to commercialize an invention but in come back the ownership of the patent will not belong to you and it is irrevocable. If you want a lump sum of money in an instant from your technology, this is just about the appropriate commercial process that you should use.
Before an technology undergoes the process of commercialization, there are basic prerequisites that are would have to be completed. First, it must be working, specifically an executive prototype. Second, you should have market analysis-you ask the essential questions in economics such as who, how, when, where and how much to create. In addition, you should know different market channels where your technology could reach. Last, a written plan-same as writing an enterprise plan (Country wide Renewable Energy Laboratory, 1999).
There are two things that should be prioritized in order to reduce ones problem along the way of commercialization. An inventor must acknowledge the price and resources of capital. Cost can be in the varieties of money, time and personal life, while resources of capital can in kinds of debt capital, government funds and collateral capital (National Renewable Energy Lab, 1999).
Overall, it appears that the commercialization of your respective technology is one of the goals of the inventor. It is one of the preferred end things of such activity. A written report emphasized the value of commercialization of your invention and proclaimed it as a reward to the inventor. In addition, it included the importance of romance with different professions in order to make one's invention in to the market-"What good can be an technology if it never makes it to market, or for that matter, I it never rewards its inventor? Invention will not end with coming up with a new device or new process. It requires an equally adroit tenacity to form the relationships that will make the technology payoff" (McPherson, 1995). "Certain relationship must be set up by the inventor with different business development professional to be able to try making its invention in to the market; perhaps a patent law firm, market researcher, business development pro or perhaps an invention-marketing group" (McPherson, 1995).
IV. Federal Support in Local Invention
There a wide range of government businesses as well as non-government organizations that support local innovations.
Under the guidance of the Division of Science and Technology, is the establishment of the Technology Program Campaign Institute or TAPI. Its major responsibility is to promote the commercialization of technologies and market the services of other working devices of the department (TAPI, 2008). Among others, TAPI also administers the Technology Development Assistance Account for the original tests and prototype development and other invention-development related activities. Through this account, TAPI has were able to carry out various programs that raise the level of awareness of various clients in the areas of technology application and usage.
Among these programs is the Academe/Industry Prototype Development Assistance Program which gives financial support for the fabrication and evaluation of commercial prototypes, the DOST Exposition and Fairs Program that promotes and displays technology materials, ideas and information, the Technology-Based Organization Development Assistance Program gives financial assistance to technology-based micro, small and medium range businesses, the Investor's Discussion board Program which brings together technology operators and investors to create actual businesses, and many other programs that promotes and works with Philippine local inventions (TAPI, 2008). All these programs rest under the Technology Information and Advertising Division.
Among various programs of the TAPI caters to agricultural enterprises, manufacturing firms, students and non-government organizations through its Investment and Business Operations Department. TAPI also expands its assistance to agricultural-based corporations through the Consultancy for Agricultural Efficiency Enhancement (CAPE). In addition, it facilitates small and medium level enterprises in making to attain higher efficiency through the Manufacturing Productivity Extension (MPEX) Program and the Venture Funding Program. TAPI also suits students, young professional in growing their entrepreneurial competencies through the Small Venture Technology Upgrading Program - DOST-Academe Technology-Based Business Development (SETUP-DATBED) Program. DOST also facilitates technology copy through the Research and Technology volunteer Pool Program (STEVPP). This program in essence provides experts and researchers to its interested clients in the many locations and municipalities in the Philippines to be able to provide them technological assistance on technology commercialization (TAPI, 2008)
Lastly is the Technology Development Department (IDD) who is mainly accountable for providing financial assist with Filipino inventors by upholding the intellectual property system as well as the business development of innovations and solutions (TAPI, 2008). They fundamentally provide funding assistance for the local inventors in their activities such as securing intellectual property security, commercial applications in private companies, manufacturing and trials of their innovations, developing their technology as an business commodity and even travel assistance. Also, they are given duty and duty exemptions through an endorsement to the Bureau of Internal Income and the Department of Fund.
Inventors are also prompted to showcase their inventions through the National Invention Competition and Displays (NICE) wherein they can have cash incentives or awards amounting to P150, 000. 00 as well as WIPO Platinum Medals and certificates. This competition is held on a yearly basis and is open up for many local inventors in the academe (senior high school and college level) as well as those in the private areas.
Among the other organizations concerned in the advertising of local technology and the coverage of intellectual property privileges will be the Filipino Inventors Contemporary society and the Intellectual Property Rights Office of the Philippines.
V. Cultivating KNOW-HOW for Development
"Development or development in contemporary society of technology, such as information and communication solutions should be self-cultivated alternatively than imported. " (Corea, 2000) Established from the study paper there is a need for developing countries to improve or concentrate on achieving a technological adoption specifically on Information Communication Systems to enjoy its benefits. There were multiple research disciplines to aid such study specifically; behavioral notion on development, principles of change, theoretical formulations. The newspaper is applicable these ideas for understanding the macro-phenomena of nationwide development in terms of scientific innovation
Technological change as defined in the newspaper is "any incremental or radical changes in the application of problem-solving knowledge to the production process, resulting in increased efficiency, either in the form of a product or service produced with lower costs or in the form of a qualitative improvement in something or service. " (Mokyr, 1990; Chiaromonte & Dosi, 1993) Technological change is considered as a learning process wherein (Thomson, 1993a); involving discovery, experimentation, development, imitation and adoption (Dosi, 1988). It's been detailed in the newspaper that technical change has much prospect of increasing economic productivity and starting never-ending string reactions in the society, it's been said that scientific change has unexplored potentials to instigate a cycle for change throughout the market.
Innovation provided is available under the knowledge of (Corea, 2000); determination to challenge problems perceived in the surroundings, using ingenious means and whatever resources available, with regard to improvement and expected rewards. Generally it's the solution and additional improvement of the current problem seen in the society and is a way to ease that problem. Technological change is foreseen as the explanation that industrialized countries are able to funnel self-perpetuating systems of invention by using its system of advancement achieved through years of research and development.
VI. Economic Growth and Technological Change; an Evolutionary Interpretation
The aim of the study paper is to use the evolutionary monetary theory to the question "what can make clear recent tendencies in economic expansion, with focus on the role of scientific change?" Another question that uses is "what is evolutionary economical theory?" (Verspagen, 2000) Based on the research paper, the study referred to numerous model theories to make clear and answer the question but ended up with no distinct answer, so instead what the study did is that it tackled numerous literature related to evolutionary financial theory and mentioned it.
To understand evolutionary economics two principles are essential in the model, first is the fact that economic units; companies, consumers, countries or even systems differ from each other. Second concept is that monetary selection as a counterpart of natural selection. Organizations that have a better strategy will grow more compared to firms that contain worse strategies which are more likely to loose market talk about. What is a good or bad strategy is a subject of theory.
To set an appropriate model for evolutionary economics the study has gone through numerous models to describe it, however the search wasn't successful just because a singular model restricting itself on just real economical ideologies is too narrow to understand evolutionary economics. The model needed to capture the extent of the sociable system, (technology, market, organizations, consumers, etc) and show mutually strong relationship with each other. Thus the position showed by the research would be that the world market is under a constant process of transformation, equally as how technology and institutions change as time passes. Like what sort of driving force in a single age can have a smaller drive on another age.
VII. Invention and Innovation for Sustainable Development
Sustainable development is a concept that has been discussed for an comprehensive time frame and a permanent challenge and struggle to achieve. As identified in the newspaper it's the practice of enhancing real human life while also protecting the environment. The foundation of the newspaper is that creative thinking has always been integral for bettering well-being; new inventions and enhancements in agriculture, mass production, transportation and communication. The truth is economical development and improvements are working together for a ecological development.
Merton Flemmings, director of the Lemelson-MIT Program defines invention as a targeted software of the individuals mind to the entire world that yields a genuine creation with functional use. Alternatively Flemmings defines development as the practice of delivering inventions into widespread use, through creative thinking, investment, and marketing. Quite simply an invention can be an original creation for a sensible use to help ease an issue, while creativity is the consumption and software of the said invention. Innovation and Invention begins at the fundamental stage of leaning; which is education. That's where knowledge is discovered and applied for further development of ones skills. Allow students to build up their own ideas and go to town; raise the pub for inventors by starting with students.
The results of the study are; (1) that invention and innovation are actually an essential part of development for modern societies, though not many people are able to obtain said development, (2) sustainable development is the practice of safeguarding the surroundings while improving living standards for those and technology and creativity is the main element to its success, (3) Abundant countries aren't doing enough to energize and harness invention and creative thinking, while poor countries tend to suppress creativity and creativeness completely because of insufficient resources and other factors, (4) Invention to help achieve the goals of lasting development can start in many ways; copy-catting, piggy-backing, and leap-frogging.
Incentives, assistance with the federal government, awareness on mass media and society, administration provisions and policies, networking, and proper budget allotment should be one of the main element factors that would evidently help innovation and invention similarly to develop and help the market to a ecological development
VIII. Economic Development and the Country wide System of Invention Approach
The study discusses the concept of "innovation system", "competence building", and "interactive learning" and applies it to economic development through the national institutions on education and training which composes the countrywide system. It argues that "The history and development of the advancement system concept shows that it could be useful for inspecting less developed economies" (Johnson, Edquist, & Lundvall, 2003). He defined technology in a 'broader sense' whereas, "Innovation is seen as a continuous cumulative process involving not only radical and incremental advancement but also the diffusion, absorption and use of creativity" (Johnson, Edquist, & Lundvall, 2003). Furthermore, the analysis offered the delimitation of this is of 'advancement system' in conditions of spatial/geographical and sectoral restrictions. Whereas for the developed countries such as US, NSI approach (National System of Technology) is focused on technology and technology systems such as R&D initiatives in firms, S&T organizations (universities and open public plan) wherein there's a dynamic discussion among universities, federal government and business. While for growing countries, NSI procedure focuses on incremental innovation wherein the 'absorptive capacity' and economical development as a reflection of the abilities and inspiration of employees (Johnson, Edquist, & Lundvall, 2003). Though there are distinctions in the focus of the NSI approach, there are also common characteristics or assumptions presented in the paper. They are the assumptions that 1) NSI vary in conditions of specialization in production, trade and knowledge, and 2) it focuses on interactions and relationships. Moreover, the study further discussed the NSI approach whereas: "It places the concentrate on development and learning operations. This displays the understanding that advancement is a matter of producing new knowledge or incorporating existing (and sometimes new) components of knowledge in new ways as well as diffusing and deploying it. " (Johnson, Edquist, & Lundvall, 2003, p. 6) Furthermore, the strategy is employed by policy designers in inspecting different economies in terms of innovation techniques in supporting technical advancement. The analysis provided of the developmental thinking tendencies of the 'countrywide system of advancement approach' in a way that it 1) focuses on capabilities rather than source endowments as main tools in development, 2) targets knowledge as a drivers of development, 3) companies a 'root causes' of development. In the use of the NSI in the 'South', it concluded that 'institutions are necessary for economical development', 'the concept of innovation systems The concept of technology systems may be [used as] an instrument for understanding the relations between different sorts of functions and between the constitutive and instrumental aspects of freedoms in growing countries', 'Borrowing' and adapting technologies that the technical business lead countries control today is an important key to development' (Johnson, Edquist, & Lundvall, 2003).
IX. The Philippine Country wide Innovation System: Structure and Characteristics
'This paper details the composition and characteristics of the Philippine countrywide innovation system, and compares it with the American, Japanese, and German national systems of innovation. It concludes that the Philippine nationwide development system must tools up to the requirements of the catch-up system to fit its institutions to its financial structure. This involves all the elements of the system to address the technology potential, adaptation, assimilation, and changes needs of the catch-up overall economy' (Patalinghug, 2003). The analysis used the 'Freeman Platform' in examining the nationwide system of creativity of the Philippines. The study concludes that the Philippines must take up a 'catching-up invention system'. This technique requires corporations and infrastructures reinforced by the federal government that has the "capability to monitor, choose, take up, disseminate, and enhance existing stock of knowledge" (Patalinghug, 2003). Also, it needs the contribution of private organizations that are prepared to incorporate new systems in their development processes. However, the study found out that we now have problems or lapses in the partnership of the federal government and private firms wherein, there is an assumption privately of the private firms that the government shoulder blades all costs on building infrastructures for the introduction of R&D, this assumption leads them to create whatever item even if it doesn't really have a quality demand. This may further lead to the losses in assets of the government. Moreover, the study discovered that the "university-industry collaboration is almost non-existent in the Philippine creativity system" (Patalinghug, 2003) when in truth, it worked for the catching-up of the North american, Japanese and German development systems. The Philippines must provide quality educational and technology training system in producing large numbers of quality scientists, engineers, managers, technicians and skilled employees to help the diffusion, absorption and utilization of the technologies required for the catching-up stage of the united states. Furthermore, the study posts the advantage of administration investment on R&D to get small and medium-scale corporations more than the 'technology extension institutions' involved with existing private organizations. "Finally, authorities can dwelling address the ineffectual R&D motivation scheme by implementing a catch-up creativity system that addresses the scientific capability-building needs of local organizations and establishments" (Patalinghug, 2003).
X. TECHNOLOGIES in Japan and S&T Experience in the Philippines: Drawing Plan Lessons for the Philippines
When it comes to technological progress one cannot exclude Japan as one of the most technologically advance country in depends upon. Their economic progress can be generally attributed to the technical change they have experienced before and following the World Conflict II. Matching to a study by Caesar B. Cororaton in 2001, Japan experienced scientific development even before the war. There were several commercial development programs which were established prior to the war. After the war, the plant and equipment of heavy and chemical sectors survived. The survival of several technological infrastructures made the rehabilitation of Japan faster than other countries that were influenced by the warfare. Several goes were made by the federal government and private institution to further increased the huge benefits that Japan gathered from the use of technology. Such techniques were; government subsidies to business and corporations that are intended for industrial development, monetary laws that started out the industrialization in Japan, financial institutions were founded to help expand develop research and technology in the nationwide level, industry sponsored research corporations were founded, subcontracting system in the field of machinery, airplane, and automobile construction, establishment of finance institutions to help business and organizations and improvement in the welfare of the labor force (Cororaton, 2001). We were holding the steps that was performed by Japan to be of the key technologically progress country on the planet as of today. It has been mentioned in the study that there were several technological development strategy used by Japan to support the complete industrialization process. Such strategies were; importation of foreign technology, increased in the well-educated and well-trained complex and scientific manpower, sufficient absorptive capacities and improvement introduced to technologies, placing the private sector in forefront of R&D activities, coating the development with the industrial policy and presenting motivation through federal incentives and subsidies (Cororaton, 2001). These strategies really boost the development in Japan. Unfortunately, within the Philippines the technology and technology sector hasn't reached the amount of prominence just like what took place in Japan. The economical development of the Philippines is still minimal. Science and technology sector continued to be insignificant in the development strategy of the united states. The contrast of the two countries, Philippines and Japan, demonstrated the total reverse of technological development that can be experience in a country. These evaluations can lay down the standards on the do's and don'ts in technical development. This analysis gave us an over-all view of the situation of the technology and technology sector in the Philippines and what can be done to become at par with the experience of Japan. The above mentioned moves and strategy conducted by Japan could be used to gauge the degree of the research and technology sector in the Philippines.
XI. BASIC, APPLIED AND EXPERIMENTAL KNOWLEDGE AND Production: FURTHER Data.
A universal idea comes to brain when we speak about research and development activity (R&D), preliminary research, applied research and experimental development. But multitude of empirical literatures focused on the whole notion of R&D and doesn't give emphasis in every stage that happens in R&D. It must be known that most of the R&D activities have a good effect in the efficiency of one's company either your making an investment on it or maybe implementing the technology. According to the research of Mosahid Khan and Kul B Luintel (2010), the empirical examination that emphasize on different levels of R&D activities which give attention to the partnership of preliminary research and applied research to the productivity of one's organization has a long term benefit instead of generalizing the contribution of R&D in the efficiency of one company. In the analysis, they measured different types of knowledge among different organizations such as: academic, business, federal government and private non-profit sector. In addition they contained in their measurement the international knowledge stocks that can be connected to the international R&D spill over. They have used non-stationary data econometrics to answer the concerns about the degrees of regressions. The final outcome of the study was that each stage (basic research, applied research and experimental development) in the R&D contributes to the result and output of a firm. It is well known that international spill over associated with basic R&D, total R&D and business sector R&D gained prominence in the analysis. The main conclusion in the study was the emphasis that was presented with to the basic research instead of applied research and experimental development due to the long term benefit it can donate to a company (Luintel, 2010). Consistent with our analysis, this empirical books offered us a broader sense on how to evaluate knowledge and hook up it to productivity. The basic research that was discussed in the study is the first step of invention that might lead to creativity then scientific change. The emphasis that was presented with to preliminary research only demonstrates that productivity, with regards to technology, always starts off at the essential step and everyone can do it so long as there are proper materials and tools provided.
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
Research Design
In this paper we use Meta-analysis as the study design of the analysis. In Meta analysis, the analysts will collect data from much larger body of research. Then your data gathered will be statistically examined using different powerful statistical tools. With this, it presents a larger sample and could imply a more significant or functional data. This sort of statistical technique developed by social scientists came into being because of the limitations in the sort of tests a researcher is capable of doing. In addition, Meta-analysis offers a quantitative tool to analyze statistically data extracted from lots of studies, performed over a time frame (Shuttleworth, 2009).
Locale of Study
The section of the study is in the Philippines.
Population / Sampling
The respondents because of this study will be the local inventors in the Philippines that are in the files of the Intellectual Property Privileges Office of the Philippines in the year 2000-2010.
Sampling design
a. In this paper we use cluster sampling. It really is a sampling technique that gives all the clusters equivalent chances of being selected. In the process, researchers randomly select a number of clusters from the collection of clusters of the whole populace. Hence, only lots of clusters are sampled, the rest of the clusters are remaining by themselves (Castillo, 2009).
Sources of data
The quantitative data provided in this research result from the TAPI Total annual Report, IPO figures, WIPO information, DOST information, DepEd, DTI, NSCB, NSO, World Bank or investment company, UNDP, UNESCO and etc.
To acquire quantitative data we use a secondary data via IPO, TAPI, WIPO, DOST, NSCB, DepEd, DTI, NSO, World Lender, UNDP, UNESCO and etc.
Tools for Data Analysis
The data collected will be analyzed using Econometrics.
