Keywords: the seagull examination, anton chekhov seagull
The Seagull is one of Anton Chekhov's first acclaimed works, he stated it to be 'five tons of love'. It is a comedy of frustrated lives; each identity has to deal using their own disappointments in their life in their own way. Like the majority of his works The Seagull is defined in the countryside somewhat than in the city, the reason for this is the fact, in the countryside people are required into the same company with each other everyday. This also brings forth the psychological realism style in which Chekhov composed. He was affected by great Russian Realists like Tolstoi, Dostoevsky and Turgenev which is evident in every his plays like the Seagull. So far as it's been set up, The Seagull was the first of Chekhov's plays to be acted out in British. The Seagull is a naturalistic play where the tone remains the same throughout the play. It is not a theatrical play but instead a play which presents people of common and everyday activity. This is especially visible through the story and action.
Plot and Action.
Although it is hard to establish the exact motoric moment of a naturalistic play since there is no definite action starting, one could say that the introduction of Arkadina and her enthusiast Trigorin is the motoric instant as that is when events start to develop.
In the first Function the audience is presented with the image of your country estate setting up, the estate is owned by the former government worker, Sorin. On appearance it's seen or rather recognizable that Sorin is a very sickly man. In this work his sister, a famous actress; Arkadina finds the real estate with her fan, the article writer Trigorin, for a brief vacation. In this action all the guests of the property are on their way to view a play written and aimed by Arkadina's kid Konstantin Treplyov, this is usually to be he latest try to create a fresh and new theatrical from, and that also reveals a thick symbolic form of theatrical fine art. He does this to get his mother's favor. He really will try to make a new theatrical genre. The best lady is a girl from a neighboring real estate, called Nina, "as the star of the world", which is actually assumed to be her role within the play. During a debate about the play Arkadina makes is clear that she thinks it is silly and disregards it as ridiculous and in circumstances of disgrace, Konstantin storms of the level. It is here where we've our first crisis. Chekhov's has created episode out of every day circumstances such as loving and longing, like Konstantin longing for his mother's acceptance here, rather than the grand gestures of heroes and heroines of his early has. The interesting and troubling love triangles are disclosed. The Seagull is a play filled up with unrequited love because almost all the character types love somebody who does not return their passion. Nina is courted by Konstantin, who liked and adored the princess of the property steward, Masha, who's in turn adored by the school educator Medviedenko. While Masha confides in the nice and older Doctor Dorn, he simply blames it on the loving spell the moon and lake has disperse amongst the youngsters of the united states. Medviedenko enjoys Masha but she does not have the same about him: "I am handled by your passion but I cannot returning it that is all. " It is because of most these sub-plots which makes the play almost anti-emotional. In the first take action it is established that Konstantin feels like failing to his mother.
The second function starts with exposing the exterior of the real estate, during what seems to be a lovely evening, with Arkadina (amongst others) reminiscing about more comfortable times - 'the good old days'. Short after Arkadina and the house steward Shamrayef is caught in the middle of a rather warmed argument, right then and there Arkadina decides to leave and go back to Moscow: "Under the circumstances I shall get back to Moscow this very day. . . ", it's a very dramatic way to take care of things; throwing your entire dolls out of your cot because someone wouldn't give you a horse. As the rest of the party began making their in the past in to the house, Nina stayed behind. It's a fairly interested thing when Konstantin surprises Nina with a gift - a inactive seagull. It's weird for a boy who's in wish to give the young lady of his dreams a lifeless seagull that he taken. It's no real surprise when Nina face transforms to horror and disgust at the perception of the weird gift, presented to her by the youngster who's courting her. Though it is imperative to understand that this seagull becomes an essential sign in the play because Konstantin remarks that he will soon end his life just as. At that moment Trigorin approaches the picture, upon spotting the handsome and talented copy writer, Treplyov storms of the level in a jealous trend. It's clear that Nina requires a liking to Trigorin when she asks him to share with her about his life as a article writer. He talks about to her that it is definitely not an easy one. A chat starts between your two, Nina instructs Trigorin about her desire to be an celebrity. Nina confesses to Trigorin that she does realise that it's not an easy life but is willing to do everything in her capacity to make successful of her dreams and dreams to become an celebrity. When Trigorin considers the strange present Konstantin has given Nina, it inspires him to write a short storyline, he starts:
"A female lives all her life on the shoreline of any lake. She loves the lake, such as a seagull, and she's happy and free, just like a seagull. But a man arrives by chance, so when she views her, he damages her, out of utter boredom. Like this Seagull". It appears as though he is using the storyline to lure her into his den of poetic romanticism and interest and to no ones amaze, it works. Right at that moment Arkadina calling him to show him that she's changed her mind about going out of immediately and would prefer to like to stay on a little a bit longer. When Trigorin leaves the collection Nina stays behind, ranting and raving about how exactly moderate and famous he's and identifies him as her 'desire'.
Chekhov centers his story on the passionate and artistic conflict between the young and up-coming Nina and the ageing Arkadina as well as the ever experimental Konstantin and the legendary Trigorin. A lot of the Seagull's action happens off-stage and the storyline is developed by how the characters deal using what has took place. Therefore when the play does eventually continue in act 3 we are made aware of the fact that Konstantin tried to commit suicide which Trigorin and Arkadina are leaving. Konstantin's suicide is because Nina not going back his love but choosing Trigorin over him where his mom does the same (taking the writer's aspect).
Chekhov's The Sea-Gull has similar characteristics to the storyline as Hamlet. There's a play within the play. In the same way where Hamlet attempts to earn Queen Gertrude back again from his uncle Claudius, Konstantin tries to gain his mother from Trigorin. The story thickens when Arkadina and Konstantin have another debate about Trigorin whilst at exactly the same time we see that Trigorin and Nina make ideas to meet in Moscow.
In between the two functions (that is work one and two) Konstantin attempts to kill himself; he fails as of this attempt and strolls around with a intensely bandaged head for the duration of Act three. At this time Arkadina and Trigorin have come to a conclusion to depart from the country estate. Trigorin is available eating breakfast time in your kitchen, when Nina gets into and reveals him with a medallion that showing her ever long lasting devotion and admiration for him, she also contains a line from one of his own book's: "If you ever need my life, come and take it". At first she seems foolish and you are left with a thought of a foolish teenage obsession, specially when she resorts to begging him to let her see him one last time before he leaves to return to Moscow with Arkadina. Nina disappears off-stage right before Arkadina and Sorin enters; it's easily seen that Sorin's sickness is worsening by the minute. Trigorin also leaves the scene, to go complete his presentation for the trip back to Moscow. Arkadina and Sorin partcipates in a short phrase war, after which Sorin collapses of real grief, luckily Medviedenko is present to help the fragile and sickly Sorin off the stage. At that point Konstantin gets into and asks his mother to please change his bandages, while Arkadina s changing his bandages he starts off a disagreement, by disregarding Trigorin. The argument is ended and Konstantin leaves in tears. Trigorin then reenters and asks her if they can stay on at the house but Arkadina flatters him into going out of for Moscow in any case. As Arkadina leaves the stage Nina enters for your final goodbye, she tells him of how she actually is running away to become an actress against her parents' desires. They kiss passionately and plan to meet in Moscow.
Two years cross and once again most of the action took place off-stage like Nina and Trigorin who do hook up in Moscow, possessed an affair but Trigorin left Nina for Arkadina when Nina lost the infant. Masha, despite her thoughts for Konstantin wedded Medviedenko and they have a kid together. Rather than elaborate incidents Chekhov targets smaller information in the story. When act 4 starts we see that Konstantin has finally published some short testimonies. Arkadina and Trigorin are once more back on Sorin's plantation because of Sorin's unstable health. The tension is never lost in the play and there's a very short build up to the climax of the play where Nina involves Konstantin to speak to him without the of the other character types knowing. She starts by talking about their lives and proclaiming that even although achieved what they needed life continues to be not that good. Before she leaves she says that she still is in love with Trigorin despite of exactly what has occurred. That was alternatively unnecessary, poor man. Figures, because from then on all the people enter again and we notice a gun shot and then (finally) the play has reached its climax when Konstantin shoots himself like he shot the seagull before. He was never pleased with his work and he could never please the girl he loved. . . just what exactly do you do?
There is very little of a denouement as Dorn gets into to share Trigorin to adopt Arkadina away because Konstantin has shot himself. (I truly expect her conscience will drive her crazy). Everything that happens in the storyline is because their surroundings. The surroundings in which the characters are put within the Seagull is that of a farm in the country, and without a Playstation I'm sure imaginable they did a whole lot of soul searching. It really is this soul searching that highlights most of the themes or templates we find in the play.
Themes
The theme of unrequited love and the duration of time become noticeable in the play. As previously mentioned the play starts off with all the characters loving someone however the person they love have another love interest plus they show no determination, it's just like a vicious circle. Masha really is in love with Konstantin but he will not go back her love so she is convinced that her love for him will eventually pass with time or if she waits long enough he come to his senses and love her again. But this never happens and by enough time (of take action 3) she changes her brain and decides after Medviedenko's love which he has had for her from the beginning: "By marrying Medviedenko. . . " When Trigorin threatens to leave Arkadina (who is an ageing celebrity holding on fiercely to her position) she begs him to stay with her: "Am I then so old and unattractive that you can speak to me such as this without any shame about another woman. . . I could never endure it will you desert me. " As time goes by Sorin becomes more ill. After a while in the play their dreams and love for several things or people increase stronger which finally leaves them hopeless, this brings us to the next theme. Alienation and loneliness come to all the characters sooner or later in the play. The type that is plainly the most isolated is Konstantin. Once more as we have established numerous times, this is because the character cannot reach the individual she or he enjoys. Konstantin is isolated because of his peculiar creative style that he attempts to create and because Arkadina, his mom, rejects him while the rest of the characters look up to her. To put the cherry on the wedding cake for this poor man, when he transforms to Nina for comfort she denies him and for that reason he becomes even lonelier. He truly seems that he receives no understanding and that he would like to be still left exclusively: "And for heaven's sake, all of you leave me only! Go away. " Just as Sorin feels very lonely and he has never possessed the love he required: "Women never liked me. " He wants to leave the country but everybody is so consumed in their own lives that nobody ever listens to the indegent man when he speaks. Towards the end of the play Nina becomes lonesome in her own sense when she actually is turned down by Trigorin, she lost her baby and her parents don't want her. We plainly see her disorientation: "I have already been wandering about on the shores of the lake since I returned. I've often been near your house, but I've never had the courage to come in. " When one becomes lonely you learn to judge your life automatically trying to find the foundation of your alienation. This then brings us to the third theme of do it yourself evaluation that includes self awareness or self awareness. The characters in the play have significantly more than plenty of time to get this done, seeing that the key idea in Chekhov's work is internal action. Sorin talks of how he is actually more suited for the location because all he would like to do on the plantation is sleep: "For some reason son, country life doesn't suit me. . . " Arkadina talks about why she appears so fabulous and just why Masha looks so much elderly that herself: ". . . my heart and mind are always occupied. " "I am always well groomed, as the saying is, and carefully outfitted, with my head of hair neatly assemble. " A significant vain girl if you ask me. Sorin compares his life to Dorn's and says that Dorn has already established a full life and must not judge his poor lifestyle of taking in and smoking. Nina evaluates her life by relating to herself with the actual fact the she'd do anything to become a famous celebrity. She suggests that she'd want to swap places with Trigorin anytime: "To learn how a famous genius feels. What is it like to be famous? What feeling does it offer you?" Whilst al the character types have time for you to do home evaluating they try to find out life's so this means which is another theme! Yay!
This is the theme of existentialism. Existentialism shows that humankind must find something to make life significant and to complete their own voids. The one very prominent persona in this theme is Masha who brings the theme forth in the beginning of the play when she mourns her life as Medviedenko says: "Why do you really always wear mourning?" This shows that her life is meaningless; she actually is frustrated and bored with her life because she cannot earn Konstantin's love and without that her life is meaningless to her: "I shall not marry for love, but matrimony will at least be a change, and will bring new cares to deaden the memory of days gone by. " Both Konstantin and Nina assume that they'll find so this means in their work; while Nina feels that as long as she is operating she is satisfying her goal: "I believe, and do not suffer a whole lot, and when I believe of my calling I really do not dread life. " One never feels that Konstantin's void has truly been fulfilled even though he does publish some work. Very much the same Sorin never comes close to finding the interpretation of his life and at times he wonders why he is still alive.
The previous theme I am discussing is the theme of the role of the musician. All four of the protagonists; Arkadina, Nina, Konstantin and Trigorin, are performers. They can be either aspiring or settled artists. Co-incidentally they are all in love nevertheless they all take care of their situations very in different ways. Kostantin uses his artistry to get his mother's acceptance of him and it is also because of his failing in the very beginning of the play that he thinks that is the reason Nina stopped loving him because he says: "All commenced when my play failed dismally. A female can never forgive inability. " It seems Chekhov was a smart man. . . On the contrary end on the rope of success, Trigorin will get plenty of attention because of his popularity. Everybody respects him and will not judge him, so that it is straightforward to see why Konstantin experienced violated and ashamed, and to top it off Nina offers Trigorin a surprise and says: "Think about me sometimes. " She totally fell for his wonderful artistry. Both Trigorin and Arkadina got a good life because people value them. She uses her position as the founded actress to reason the manner where she speaks sometimes. People almost put her on a pedestal as Nina says: "How strange it is to see a famous actress weeping. . . " It is because Nina really longs for popularity and the glorious life of artist. Within the play Chekhov makes it out to be the best thing as Nina runs so far as to state: "For the bliss to be a article writer or an actress I could withstand want, and disillusionment, and the hatred of my friends. . . " Maybe it's said that in The Sea-Gull there can be an illusion at the beginning of the play that the life span of an musician is great however towards the finish of the play when looking at Nina and Konstantin it is in fact not so most evident.
Characterization
The first identity I'll discuss is Konstantin Treplyov. Konstantin is an emotion and unpredictable (or higher dramatic; will depend on which way you look at it) character and this is obvious in the fact that he first threatens to commit suicide: "So shall I soon end my very own life. " He will not only make an effort it, he succeeds at it. That is due to the actual fact that he never locates anything to fill his existentialistic void with. The one thing he thinks will fill up it is Nina, Konstantin is hopelessly in love: "I want to see her, I have to see her. I shall follow her. " But Nina never returns his love. He likes to an individual even though he is aware his kind of writing is probably not welcomed by everyone but nonetheless he writes it: "No, we must own it under new form. If we can't do that, let us rather not need it at all. " He is an extremely jealous man; he largely portrays this jealousy towards Trigorin who has everything he dreams of, a recognised job as a writer and the love of both Arkadina and Nina.
Nina Zarietchnaya is the next character to discuss. She actually is ambitious and she will do anything to become a famous celebrity. She even slipped out of our home as her parents didn't approve of her fantasy. She is passionate about her behaving but she does not believe in herself enough to overcome: "It really is a imagine my life that will never become a reality. " We come to observe that Nina is unhappy towards the finish of the play because her parents have written her off and Trigorin has slipped her just like a hot potato. She says to him when he leaves her for Arkadina: "One got to know how to bear one's combination. . . " She competes with Arkadina for Trigorin's love. Nina is the character to see herself as the seagull, signing off letters under the name and always attracted to the lake and free until someone shoots her down.
Arkadina is the mother of Konstantin and an extremely well-known actress. Due to her acting capacity she is judgmental as it pertains to Konstantin's pays off: "What decadent rubbish. " She considers less of her son than herself and lots of her actions are self centered. Actresses in this particular play have a higher status, and Arkadina becomes egoistic and arrogant when asked about other musicians and artists: "Don't ask me who those antediluvians are! I understand little or nothing about them. " She actually is so afraid that Konstantin will need away her limelight even though she's long handed her prime. She actually is an extremely stingy person; she won't give money to her ill brother or even to Konstantin who needs new clothes even though she has the money: "I must say i haven't the money. " And later on she says: "Certainly I have some cash, but I am an celebrity and my expenditure for dress exclusively is enough to bankrupt me. " She is Trigorin's enthusiast.
Trigorin is a well-known copy writer who never, well, stops writing. Whenever he has an idea or hears something he likes he writes it down and he sometimes gets lost in a fantasy world. He is drawn to the lake where he could fish the whole time as there may be nothing at all that he finds more pleasing which is seen when he says: "There has to be a whole lot of fish in this lake. " He's however rather modest when he replies to Nina's question on his popularity: "Either you exaggerate my popularity, or else, if it is present, all I can say is that one simply doesn't feel fame at all. " One could say that he's a follower, when Arkadina needs those to leave he sets up a fifty percent hearted deal with and then leaves. When the opportunity occurs for him to have an affair with Nina he grabs it but then leaves her again. He does not see himself as a good writer but simply as someone doing his duty: "Here sits Trigorin a ingenious copy writer, but he was not as effective as Turgenev. " He is adored by all the people in the play and he is Arkadina's lover. He never enters any real conflict with anyone. They all see him as a great artist for whom thy have great value.
The other two heroes we meet in The Seagull are Masha and Sorin. Mash is miserable with her life because she cannot fill her void, she loves Konstantin but he does not love her back again. (Why can't these people just proceed?!) This is apparent when she says: "I dress in black to match my entire life. I am disappointed. " She marries Medviedenko to get over Konstantin; she's an infant with her hubby but refuses to go home to provide for the child: "Nonsense, Matriona will supply it. " She is rude towards her husband: "Would I might never see that person again. " Sorin is quite the opposite, he is silent and misinterpreted because no one listens when he speaks. He's supportive towards everyone but especially toward Konstantin: "I am devoted to him and he is keen on me. . . " He hardly ever really got to do the things he wanted to do and he lives in a country that he hates. He even mentions how he never acquired marries, spoke eloquently or became an writer.
The other individuals in the seagull play alternatively minor jobs, but we can still come to note their unique persona attributes. Medviedenko is a polite man and very apologetic; even though Masha is being a 'female dog' toward him, he replies: "I should not have stressed you all but the baby. . . " Dorn is a doctor and his judgment is well known. He also has a secret fascination towards Paulina. He is very observant in addition to a father body for both Masha and Konstantin: "I really do not love my dad, but my center turns to you. For some reason, I feel with all my spirit that you will be near to me. . . "
Language, dialogue and symbolism
Through the dialogue the strain of the play is kept throughout because there is very little action that occurs. It is for this reason that the conversation is filled up with pauses especially between works. Exactly like there are pauses, moments of silence also take weight and plays a part in the mood and feel of the play. Chekhov uses terms that can simply be realized and he does not write in metrical habits. The 'phrase' in the play is of utmost importance and the feel end weight of the play lays with it. The people are a true representation of life and for that reason they communicate for the reason that manner. Sometimes the character types talk in short sentences and not in paragraphs in order to keep the action in the play heading strong. WITHIN THE Sea-Gull, the play which Konstantine wrote is submitted with personification: ". . . and the unsatisfied moon now lights her lamp in vain. " Chekhov likes to refer to popular character types in the script like Napoleon, Caesar and Alexander the fantastic. He also makes use of prices by William Shakespeare: "Thou turn'st my eye into my very soul. . . " -As described earlier there are a few comparisons between The Sea-Gull and Hamlet. The dialogue is filled with explanations as Chekhov gives attention to the finest details in the play. For example where Arkadina talks of how good she appears, she really goes overboard in her explanations. Dorn's personality often sings: "let her, oh bouquets. . . " The heroes sometimes remain and philosophise about life and Chekhov employs metaphors for example when Konstantin represents how he seems about Nina not loving him: ". . . wake to find this lake dry out and sunk into the earth. "
Repetition in words become evident, I think the reason behind this is, because of the theme of existentialism, the repetition in words donate to the repetition of these meaningless, pretentious and void less lives. Most words are repeated three times (three was considered an unlucky or wicked number) "words, words, words. " ". . . and also have to return to it and commence to write, write, write. " As this is naturalism; Chekhov published in each day prose with the standard cliches as well. To establish the simpleness of the play he pertains numerously to aspect. Banham: "Chekhov's way is to provide a thousand details for his animals to remain true to themselves while they also interact and indicate the embracing disposition of as soon as as a group" Banham, M. 1988. Cambridge Guide to Theatre. New York: Cambridge School Press.
The main icon in the play is the seagull, which is also what the play is named. Funny enough, the play was influenced by an actual useless seagull Chekhov found on the beach. The seagull is talk about in the very beginning of the play and we are constantly reminded than it. The seagull is an innocent bird with an average life that is ruined by individuals indifference; this is actually the image we create. Firstly we see Konstantin as the seagull after taking pictures it he places it at Nina's feet and threatens to have is life in much the same way. He considered himself as an aspiring musician until he killed the seagull his mom mistreated him. A similar assault he portrays is eradicating the seagull is a symbol for the internal conflict and assault inside him. The same way Nina also associated herself with the seagull by putting your signature on letters she creates to Trigorin as 'the seagull'. Nina becomes the wounded seagull which results home to the river to cure. Nina's commitment to her art work ultimately reverses her fate and she becomes strong, and calls for strength like the seagull: "I am a seagull. . . " Another rather important sign is the lake. For every personality the lake has a new meaning. For Trigorin for case it is a location where he is at peace and they can catch fish all day. For Nina this can be a safe haven and a reminder of home where she gets comfort. Konstantin provides the simplicity he wants from it when he stages his play there: "no artificial scenery needed. The attention travels directly to the lake, and rests on the horizon. " This is Anton Chekhov's way of moving to naturalistic theater. The elements in the play is a symbol of moods. Each and every time there is a storm brewing we realize an argument is coming. Initially the weather is bad when he fails and later when he shoots himself. Quite simply, the weather is used as a foreshadowing system. This again can be emphasised by the way Chekhov incorporated straightforwardness in the naturalistic manner that he published in.
Other elements
Some interesting reasons for having Chekhov come to mind. His very first plays were one act comedies that have been very engaging. His first full span plays Ivanov along with the timber demon was unsuccessful. The Solid wood demon was so terribly critisised that Chekhov vowed never to write again. Very much the same The Seagull was also unsuccessful when it was initially performed at the Alexandrisky Theater in St Petersburg. The main reason for this is basically because people were not use to new ideas which play had little or nothing in common with the other popular has of that time since it was without dramatic action and much more inner action was focused on. It was Vladimir Nemirovich Danchenko who emerged to Chekhov's recovery and persuaded him to let the newly found Moscow art theater perform his play, this business lead to the great success with the seagull. Konstantin Stanislavsky staged The Sea-Gull in 1898 and obviously he transformed it into a great success. It is interesting to know that Chekhov an Stanislavsky did not go along, for Chekhov did not like the way Stanislavsky directed his play, with total and complete devoid of action onstage. But we realize this is the major introduction to the inner action of your character and the play was indeed popular so you can imagine Chekhov quickly forgave Stanislavsky.
The Sea-Gull was performed in the Joseph Papp General public Theatre within the NY Shakespeare Festival summer season in Central Recreation area from the 12th of August 2001 to the 26th 2001. (You might think Shakespeare's plays should be performed at his festivity. ) Directed by Mike Nichols and (this is my favorite part), starred Meryl Streep as Arkadina and Natalie Portman as Nina.
The Royal Shakespeare Company performed the part in January 2008 and then most recently The Classic Stage Company in New York City revived the task in March 2008 in a creation. It had been Paul Schmidt's translation and it was directed by Viacheslav Dolgachev.
An acclaimed Russian critic, Nebakov, stated that Chekhov had not been a great writes but a nice one. Chekhov noted that fiction was his partner and drama his noisy impudent and tiresome mistress. His reputation rests on the works: The Seagull, Uncle Vanya, The three sisters and the Cherry Orchard. He is the son of any previous serf but his grandfather bought their freedom. His father conquer him up but he inherited his mother's gentleness. Chekhov analyzed medication but his writing took up almost all of his time. He began with his brief comic sketches which paid for his university or college fees. Chekhov fell deeply in love with Olga Knipper, a respected actress, and committed her in 1901. He passed away soon after of Tuberculosis in Germany at the age of 44.
The Seagull is a landmark play for the world of episode. Influenced greatly by existentialism it portrays how every individual must find a way where to fill their own vacant distance of void in their lives to be able to live on a happy life. It is a comedy where we observe people can rub each other up n the wrong manner leading to so many hilarious conflicts and exactly how people finish up failing one another. How Konstantin has to work to succeed his mother's love is absurd but captivating. Even though shade never changes there are obvious changes in the personas.
I rather enjoyed reading The Seagull because of the fact that there is nothing going on yet it includes a great deal action and for that reason it differs from popular normal comedies.
Bibliography
Banham, M. 1988. Cambridge Guide to theater. NY: Cambridge University or college Press
Chekhov, A. 1994. Uncle Vanya and other works. Translated by B. Hulick. Canada: Bantam literature.
The seagull. 2007. Wikipedia. (online). Available from: http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/_seagull (seen on: 12 August 2008)
Hochman, S. 1984. Encuclopedia of world play. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill.
