In chapter Smart cities is defined the idea of smart cities and exactly how it plays a part in the development and improvement of socio-economic activities of modern culture. To accomplish smart places first were defined some specific elements. This chapter highlight some types of implemented smart solutions on earth and in the end was made a case study about the planning of employees of any city for smart solutions. This aims to investigate the implications of smart solutions for lasting city development and also to gauge the readiness of employees for smart solutions. These solutions concentrate on the core portion of the city administration, education, health, transportation, etc. With this purpose in view the construction for a research study is made up employing a quantitative and qualitative research for a mid-sized Romanian city. Exploratory research techniques combined with applying a study methodology have been used for studying the planning of employees for the smart solutions.
SMART Locations CONCEPT
The concept of the smart city has been created to highlight the importance of Information and Communication Solutions (ICTs) in the last 20 years (Schaffers, 2012).
In literature the term smart city is employed to specify a city's potential to react as promptly as is possible to the needs of residents.
Quality of life and city development are profoundly influenced by the key systems (Amount 14) of your city: transport, federal government services and education, general population basic safety and health (Choenni, 2001). So, we must to start evaluate and development of city for these four areas.
Figure The primary system of a good city
Research has targeted to review these four areas - education, health, transport, public administration - that are recognized having high concern. For these areas was highlight the utilization of new systems of employers.
Literature review highlights that various aspects referring to improve life in a city are brought up in link with the terms of smart city like: transport, education, public administration, healthcare, security/safe, green, reliable and lasting, energy etc.
In books (Choenni, 2001), (Dirks, 2010), (Giffinger, 2007) is shown that the most important area for learn to change a city in a good an example may be the travelling system. This area has in view to use the present day transport technologies. Smart transportation systems are the best exemplory case of the harmony between development of city and modern technology.
The term smart city is also found in literature (Begawan, 2010), (Caragliu, 2009), (Choenni, 2001), (Schaffers, 2012) about the education of its inhabitants. A smart city has therefore smart inhabitants in terms of these educational class. The sensible systems signify an important part of future educational process. The brilliant systems will influence how the information is received, used, understand and discovered by users.
If the inhabitants will be educate, they will know to benefit city development and they will have because the boundaries of natural resources. An intelligent educational (Dirks, 2010) system is dependant on three elements: interconnection (a reference writing technology education), instrumentation (build up of necessary information) and intelligence (making decisions that enhance the learning process).
In other books (Dirks, 2009) the word smart city is described the connection between metropolis government or general population administration and its citizen. Good governance as an aspect of a good supervision often also referred to the consumption of new stations of communication for the individuals, e. g. "e-governance" or "e-democracy" (Dirks, 2009).
The health system is the other area which is point out such as a good solution for a good city which implies to make use of modern technologies to raised results (Choenni, 2001). The smart health systems have because to improve the quality of life for patients, allowing timely diagnosis and solutions and, reducing healthcare costs, reduce time for access to hospital.
The term smart city has enticed a lot of attention in recent years. Because the end of the last century many cities have initiated smart city initiatives.
A useful definition to start to call a city "smart" is when "investments in individual and social capital and traditional (vehicles) and modern (ICT) infrastructure petrol sustainable economic development and a high quality of life, with a wise management of natural resources, through participatory administration" (Caragliu, 2009).
From the countries which implemented smart towns from the entire world have recognized three distinctive levels (Spiro, 2006), (Schaffers, 2012) (Amount 15):
The first rung on the ladder for the smart city is based on the physical telecommunications network infrastructure, comprised of the wiring, the wireless, together with any machines and routers necessary for functioning the infrastructure.
The second level constitutes applications that facilitate businesses in the city, like traffic control, etc. Such applications will be provided by many vendors, using the provided infrastructure.
The third step is situated by ubiquitous or connection of most.
In the previous five years, many new ideas have been developed in terms of metropolitan life. Probably one of the most successful principles is ubiquitous city. This idea was born in South Korea, and needs to be a new style of sustainable economy predicated on more efficient use of communication solutions, transport and natural resources. This city handles it ubiquitous.
Figure The steps for a smart city
In order to make a complete U-city, we will need to create new smart alternatives for water management, traffic and even health care.
This model city was and has been investigated and applied in EU places such as Oulu city in Finland. All information systems from metropolis are associated and everything is connected to an information system through technology such as cordless networks.
The idea of ubiquitous city or U-city has been developed into a huge international research and is also also called Smart Cities in other countries. This city is a smart city model predicated on the use of computer systems to exchange data such as cloud processing, open day.
The first level of this new style of metropolitan life is one where houses, streets, office buildings and transport talk to each other can be accessible from everywhere.
The first U-city was integrated in South Korea (e. g. New Songdo) and Japan (e. g. Osaka) and delivers information anytime, everywhere to anybody, using interconnected information systems and ubiquitous ICT alternatives over the town (Bourdeau, 2008).
Figure U-city (Pollalis, 2006)
There are tons of advantages to this new system: energy and everything natural resources are put in more proficiently and synchronization responsibilities much much easier to accomplish.
U-city is dependant on ubiquitous computing and IT answers to improve the quality of life (Physique 16). These places use information and communication technology to connect the actions which taking place in a city. In Oulu city in Finland was put in place a UBI - urban relationship program, coordinated by the University or college of Oulu. This solution is dependant on hotspots - open public interactive displays that facilities effective communication between people and government.
All over the world we can identify a great deal of smart city (Stand 2) in various degree of development and it is evident that this concept is utilized to define an metropolitan evolutions based by modern systems.
Table Smart towns over the world
City
Short Description
Helsinki
Helsinki as a good city cluster, including also the Helsinki region, specifically concentrating on mobile and cordless technology and applications.
Lisbon
Lisbon's ambition as a smart city is to improve the city's liveliness and quality of life, specifically through the energetic involvement of individuals in the city's governance model. Lisbon aims to become a global hub for world range companies, benefiting from the bridge Lisbon signifies between European countries, Africa and America.
Manchester
Manchester using modern technologies to market community proposal, capacity building and public capital
New Sondgo
To use ubiquitous processing in the location is the first goal.
Osaka
Osaka is based by ubiquitous information systems in city area.
Oulu
In the last years Oulu becoming the city of technology and an development city. Aim to end up being the most highly developed city in Finland and Northern Europe.
Barcelona
Barcelona had in view to put into action of ICT to pursue social and urban development. Smart City principle was used as a tactical tool and the pillars are infrastructures, open up data, technology service, human being capital.
The international practice demonstrates the development of smart city is dependant on:
Ubiquitous computing;
Wireless;
Readiness for change, because ICT development implied to prepare yourself to make use of new solutions each and every time.
The analysis showcase a smart city is more than technology and infrastructure it is a universe of smart applications and platforms which are empowering people in innovative ventures. The strong idea is that a smart city is a strategy and a target for every urban area and in a few part of the world is a reality (Jungwoo, 2011).
According to recent studies (Anthopoulos, 2010), (Begawan, 2010), (Bourdeau, 2008) and (Giffinger, 2007) major advantage is related to improving standard of living.
All the metropolitan areas who integrated smart solutions got because to improvement of citizen everyday life. Within the last years by employing smart solutions in various countries from European Union was made:
Increasing the employment rate of employment for men and women aged between 20 and 64 years, while having a larger amount of young people, old and low-skilled people, coupled with an improved integration of legal immigrants;
Improving the conditions for research and development in order to increase investment levels and stimulate research, development and advancement of new indications;
Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions likened, increasing the show of alternative in final energy consumption and achieve increased energy efficiency;
Improving education levels by minimizing dropout rates and increasing the percentage of folks aged 30-34 years with university or college degrees or comparative qualifications;
Promoting social inclusion by minimizing poverty and removing the chance of poverty.
The globe development literature uses the idea smart/smarter to refer at intelligence which has been infused in to the systems and procedures that make the entire world work. We think that smart/smarter methods to infused intelligence into things which no person would understand as pcs: cars, appliances, roadways, ability grids, clothes, even natural systems such as agriculture and waterways.
To create a smart globe must to look from three mean ideas:
Instrument the world's systems;
Interconnect the world's systems;
Make the world's systems intelligent.
It is vital for creating a city to truly have a strategy for a smarter city. This plan will help determine where so when to invest, will articulate key milestones and earnings on investment and can help explain an integration/search engine optimization calendar across all systems.
A question of our own day is how do the metropolitan areas smarter and what are the step and principles defined above in the most cost-effective and profitable fashion? The answer is to target primarily on four high-impact regions of improvement (Dirks, 2010):
Reduce congestion in transfer systems - a good system for traffic;
Improve federal services and open public safety - a smart system for federal services;
Improve education systems - a smart system for education;
Enable appropriate access to health care data for better quality of care and attention, early disease detection and avoidance - a smart system for health.
Quality of life and the attractiveness of an city are profoundly affected by the primary systems of any city: transport, administration services and education, public safety and health (Dirks, 2010).
Research has centered to review areas - education, health, transfer, public supervision - which can be recognized having high top priority. Because of this areas were highlight the relationship between sustainable development of city and clever systems.
Educational system today is the consequence of remarkable progress made therefore of using information and communication solutions. Society changes triggered by the transmitting, storage, processing and usage of information and knowledge put their imprint on educational system development. Educational system seeks to become intelligence through clever systems, modern information and communication technology. These solutions make day to day activities more easily and proficiently.
The existences of an intelligent educational system - targets the effective use of existing infrastructure and modernize it where is necessary - considered essential during an economical crisis when money are needed for education.
The sensible systems stand for an important part of future educational process. Them will affect how the info is received, used, understand and discovered by users. In case the students will be educate, they'll know to work for a sustainable city and they will have in view the limitations of natural resources.
Intelligent transport systems (It is) will be the best exemplory case of the harmony between sustainability and telecommunications. It has the unclogs highways by directing individuals to minimal congested way, which diminishes use of natural resources for petrol and reduces pollution emitted by idling autos (Harley, 2004). Similarly, smart traffic management system including traveler information displays, which allow people to help make the most efficient decisions about their transit routes; sensible system for the assortment of all fees related to motor vehicles; and commuter pattern monitoring through digitized transit moves, that allows for enhanced understanding of travel activities, like multi-stop excursions. All of these solutions provide important advancements to transportation city. Through wise transport systems people are increasing their own efficiency. They can place phone calls and send emails from the street; as this creator previously seen, telecommunications will make the auto commute into a effective area of the workday (Moss, 2006). With efficiency heightened and pollution reduced, intelligent transport systems are a solution for a ecological future.
The smarter method of healthcare is the one that uses information to generate real perception into patient health care and organizational performance. Medical care providers, research workers and directors could work smarter by creating thorough, holistic views of patient data. They are able to get real time visibility into how their businesses are running. And they may use wider ranging test data to achieve more medical breakthroughs.
Applications for a smart health system:
Intelligent system for data integration and its own focus on the individual, so that every person have their own information and also have access to a team of specialists who could work over the network. Electric medical record - removing paper information made to reduce medical mistakes and improve efficiency
Intelligent system that attaches doctors, patients and insurance companies
Electronic Bulletin of medical
Programming visit / consultation to electronic medical
University Medical center Motol in Prague - one of the greatest health organizations in the Czech Republic completed the first execution of Grid Medical Archive Solution European countries: a system that delivers secure safe-keeping and archiving solution for the patients' medical records least 10 years.
Sainte-Justine Clinic in Quebec are using automatic types of procedures for gathering, handling and updating critical data for research, often scattered in several departments.
Spain Consumer Health Service has implemented a regional designed system that allows patients to go to several health centers in the region, with the certainty that that doctor has access to the complete and up to date patient data, thus making treatment faster and more accurately.
City governments, which comprise much of the work and trades in major cities, produce far less paperwork waste material with the development of e-government solutions, intranets and information phone numbers. The wise systems allow individuals to pay parking tickets online, control documents within the federal government, public procurement tender for usage of administration services, business forms online, find lost property information, and instantly complete other techniques that formerly required months.
Our society is seen as a urbanization - a sizable number of men and women stay in our times in metropolitan area; technological progress - in every day we can see new alternatives for communication, transmitting and storage of data; environmental changes - every activity inside our day is characterized by the important effect on natural resources how in fact are limited; economical progress - the gross home product of the world is alternative by the big towns how bring the people along and stimulate imagination and efficiency.
The entire elements who characterized our society drive us to put into practice a good manage of infrastructure, of resources also to carer to existing and future needs of citizens.
It may take a lot of time for a city to be really smart. Sometime, the transformation is difficult to do because the mentality of people, or other time the evolutions can be drop by the natural disasters. But, to lessen costs, improve efficiencies, and deliver the quality of life individuals expect the implementing of smart city.
The urbanization without precedent in our metropolitan areas and the scientific progress on the hand, and on the other hand for a ecological progress and for economic growth we need smart alternatives for normal water, energy, transportation, health care, education, and safeness or we can say we need smart solution for new cities.
Figure Smart city advantages
The most significant advantages (Shape 17) are advanced of citizen travelling, the access to city resources (libraries and general population buildings, malls, systems etc. ) and the opportunities for the occupation and local progress (Dirks, 2009).
All these advantages point out the necessity of implementations smart alternatives inside our country.
