W. Hamilton Fyfe in his book "Aristotle's Art of Poetry" highlighted that Aristotle was the first critic of literature to see the dissimilarity between moral and visual condition. He is specific in his vision that they want of tragedy is to give delight, strange kind of pleasure which pick the discharge of feeling result through the stage performance of any tragedy. The human interest holds us. He also shares the feelings of individuals like Othello or Macbeth. They are all people like us, yet somehow, even in the two contemporary dramas, increase to a superior power. W. H. Fyfe also clear that they achieve somewhat more than human self-respect. And yet we fully distribute their feelings and share them easier and exactly because the poet has disqualified those conditions and thought which in true to life perplex our feelings and reject our pleasure. W. H. Fyfe also clarify that Aristotle's represent his emotion in dramatic form and, as we share it, it becomes our own. In the event the tragedy has its way with us, our secreted emotion as well as perhaps also the physical discharge of tears is released, so when the storm of thrill settle, we could left with a sense of pleasurable relief. We've the same sense of worried, tensions determined in pleasurable relief whenever we are upset with our problems we sit back to view some movies or starts reading books or pay attention to the music which gave us soothing effect. In the same way W. H. Fyfe also said that great poem or a great picture both stimulate and relieves our emotions. According to him Athenian tragedy combined each one of these demand poetry, music, pictorial expression; it carried the yet more robust and popular demand of a thrilling story and presents in the fantastic open-air theatre of Dionysus the strengthening group of people. It was a really bold step. Individuals who avoid their panic by reading careless accounts of football and racing, adultery and murder, might better their health by means of this safer and much more pleasing form of relief. It still exists; and great works of art come so hardly ever in your reach that there is no danger in indulging in such activity to get pleasure. That is about the W. H. Fyfe point of view about the emotional aftereffect of tragedy.
In one of the term paper named "Tragic Hero" (www. planetpaper. com). He said that Aristotle described a tragic hero to be a person who, through a flaw, in their own character, is brought from a higher position and learns to see obviously before their own destruction. Within the Theban play. 'King Oedipus', Oedipus is known as to be always a tragic hero after his mother and father try to cheat fate, then later when Oedipus uncovered his own fate, he tried to cheat his fate so here I may say that it was his own free will also only in reality finding yourself where fate had designed. Another Theban play, 'Antigone', also written by Sophocles includes Oedipus' daughter, Antigone, as the tragic hero when she dies for what she believes in. A primary character of any tragedy play can be considered a tragic hero due to his own error of judgment or he may be the puppet in the hand of fate.
Now in my own first chapter of Analysis I wish to high light some rules and regulation of tragedy and tragic hero given by Aristotle. Firstly I'd like to discuss Aristotelian tragic hero. He emphasize that the tragic hero of any play should participate in reputed family and he must fall from propriety into misfortunate not due to any villainies character but due to his own error of judgment or due to his fate. To this point I wish to give the example of Shakespearean Macbeth and Christopher Marlowe's Dr. Faustus. These two character will be the best exemplory case of Aristotelian tragic hero both character belong to reputed family and their own error of judgment became the cause of their downfall.
According to Aristotle:
"The hero of any tragedy ancient or modern must be one whom we regard as a fine fellow. He certainly do not need to be of good family or even in high station those requirements were peculiar to Greek drama". (Fyfe, W. H. 1963:25)
A. C Bradley in (1935) given a lecture on Hamlet, Othello, Kinglear and Macbeth. He said we see women and men self-assuredly arresting into the obtainable order of things in pursuance of the thoughts but what they accomplish is not what they designed, plus its awfully different what they thought. In Shakespearean play "Othello" is trapped in his own evil deeds which he made for others. Hamlet react from the forceful duty of revenge is pushed into blood sin he never vision of and enforced finally on the revenge in actual he don't wish to accomplish this. Everywhere in the tragedy man's thought translated into action is became the opposite of itself. All of the action which is mentioned above is because of their own flaw in their character. Yet, alone it would hardly put forward the thought of fate however in actual it shows their own free does it shows man as, in a few degree, however, slight the cause of his own downfall.
Character itself plays a part in the feelings of fatality which is not because of the fate but through their free will now here I wish to give the exemplory case of King Macbeth because his down fall occurred due to his own ambitious nature and other example I want to give is about Dr Faustus whose downfall occurred due to his own free will.
Some people thought fate in Shakespeare serves as a a moral order and its necessity as a moral essential. But in my viewpoint fate and free will will be the two sides of your same coin. These thing brings in to the light those aspects of the tragic fact that your notion of fate and free will throws in to the shade leading to the argument, 'whatever may be said of accidents, circumstances and the like human action is after all presented to us as the central fact in tragedy and also as the key cause of the catastrophe.
The moral necessity which a great deal impresses us is, after all, chiefly the necessary connection between actions and consequences for those actions we without even raising about them. The agents responsible and the tragedy would disappear from us if we did not. The central action is at greater or lesser degree, wrong or bad. The catastrophe is the main is the return of this action o the head of the agent.
CHAPTER: 2
CHARACTER OF DR- FAUSTUS.
In one of the word paper named "Dr Faustus duality in doctor: values in Faustus" (www. planetpapper. com). The researcher highlight that Christopher Marlowe the heroic Christian tragedy, Doctor Faustus, the central character, Dr. Faustus, fight between subsequent God and Lucifer. Faustus, who's a mystery in himself, is competent of fabulous expressiveness and determined loss of sight. According to researcher Faustus refusal to see what is truth and what's fiction is a result of his self-important role. Dr Faustus in his mission to carefully turn out to be supreme, Faustus not succeeds to see that there is life after death which his equipment belongings are of no significance. Researcher emphasize on that Faustus is a contributor in his own internal war of knowledge or salvation. Faustus inner chaos gives way to the key connotation within the play: He also highlights reflection of that era in his research medieval morals versus Renaissance ideals. Faustus upsetting end serves not only as a note to all but also gives justice to the age-old formula Marlowe characterization of Faustus leads someone to the principal notion of duality in culture of his era where Medieval values conflict with those of the Renaissance.
Marlowe's "Doctor Faustus" is the first major Elizabethan tragedy and the first to start to see the sights of the tragic likelihood of the direct conflict of Renaissance compulsions with the Hebraic - Christian tradition. Marlowe sinned, suffered regret and was damned.
Faustus in thought and deed, threatening, philosophizing, disputing, artifice, defying God and risking all with a prosper does not submit the lay character of moralities. Marlowe interpreted in to the old medieval equation the new, unsolved and frighteningly vague lively of the renaissance, gave it a charm and a dignity never realized in previous treatments of the story, and made Faustus, rather than Hamlet, the first modern man.
The play introduced the present day tragic theme of the alienated soul. Faustus is tragic because he known the challenge as actual. Even while he claims the freedom of his soul, he hears the terrified echoes thundering in his ears like Macbeth Dr. Faustus is a man who of his own wide awake determination brings tragedy and suffering cashing down after his head, the pitiful and fearful victim of his own ambitious and desires.
The satire with which Marlowe usually invests the downfall of his Protagonists is an irony predicated on these reasonable concepts of sin and damnation, and vividly expressed in two major patterns of action: the monotonous pattern of ethical preference resulting in the choice of spiritual demolition, and the pattern of dissimilarity between Faustus grand imaginative designs and the real, stupid activities of his magical career.
Marlowe devotes his first scene to a careful staging of Faustus decision to take up magic. One by one the fields of material education are rejected because their ends not satisfy his demand but notice what the demand is. He does not pursue knowledge for the sake of truth, but for power, for superhuman power, the energy over life and death.
We find Marlowe's hero Faustus, he sold his soul to the Devil in order to gain super human power through knowledge by mastering the Un-Holey art of magic and thus he says to himself.
J. C. Maxwell in (1947) (89-94) in his research of "The Sin of Faustus". His purpose is to keep a due way of measuring attention directed after that side of the theme is to identify Faustus central act of sin for what it is. He said that his major sin which his whole research revolve is Faustus pride and his curiosity. He said that pride is the ultimate way to obtain Faustus fall and sensuality is pervasive aspect of his character after it. However, curiosity is especially operative in the conduct of the action. Moreover, J. C. Maxwell said that it's largely owing to a failure to apprehend the nature as indeed the existence, of this sin that there has arise the misrepresentations of Marlowe's purpose, which have observed in Faustus largely. J. C. Maxwell also said that to him the points arising out of this examination that seem to me important for understanding of the play are "No insistence on the pervading and increasing sensualist of Faustus ought to difficult to comprehend the fact that he falls, like man and like Lucifer himself, through the spiritual sin of pride. J. C. Maxwell highlights pride, sensuality and curiosity as the major sin of Dr. Faustus. However, I somewhat disagree with this conclusion because his major sin was his over ambitious nature to get the knowledge of the complete universe. J. C. Maxwell discusses curiosity however, not this way, he says that Faustus is curious to obtain the pride. However in my perspective he is curious to get the data and ambitious to be the god.
Kaitlyn Cavanaugh in (2008) wrote articles named "Faustus as a tragic hero"(www. writinghood. com) draw attention to many traits of Dr Faustus character and said There may be dissimilar or changeable ways of taking a look at assured characters and enlightening them as a certain kind of character. In Christopher Marlowe's play Doctor Faustus, the key character, Doctor Faustus, could be described and exposed as a tragic hero, similarly to other tragic characters, such as Sophocles' Oedipus and Shakespeare's Macbeth may also be referred to as such. There are different features and personality, which would make these characters be looked at as tragic heroes rather than a different type of character. In Marlowe's play, the key character, Faustus, brings his own downfall by the finish of the story. In his opening speech, Faustus tells and explains the audience and the readers that he made himself expert in law, medicine and divinity, but he wants to learn more than what he knows and also learn about other activities in a nutshell his intention was to become a god. This facet of Faustus, his curiosity to learn and learn, may be thought of as area of the human condition and human nature and isn't something that is seen as wrong inside our society. However, this aspect also blinds Faustus from a sense of reason and from wrong. This in the long run leads the key character of Doctor Faustus to make an agreement with the devil, which results in Faustus' downfall. This aspect of Faustus' character and personality is comparable to Oedipus, in Sophocles' Oedipus Rex. Oedipus' pride blinds him from seeing truth, reason, as well as the difference from right and wrong, which contributes to and ends in the character's downfall and to the key character of Sophocles' play, Oedipus, stabbing his eyes out. This feature will lead to the characteristic and proven fact that, by doing these mistakes or "flaws", the tragic heroes are doomed right from the start and the audience and readers know the fate of these characters is sealed. And then for the tragic hero is just that, a tragic hero or tragic character, this type of character has to be doomed right from the start of the play, but doesn't hold any responsibility for possessing his flaw or fault. This may be seen in Faustus. From the beginning of the play, from enough time that he tells the audience and readers that he wants to acquire more knowledge and in particular when he signs the, the audience and readers may that Faustus is doomed to have a less than perfect and happy ending. Much like Faustus, Oedipus' fate is sealed when he won't start to see the truth, even when it's standing right before him. Though these two tragic heroes may feel some sense of guilt about their actions, neither Faustus nor Oedipus seem to be feeling some sense of guilt or responsibility with their flaw.
These aspects are a few attributes and features that characterize a tragic hero. Many of these attributes may be applied to Faustus. Through the entire article it is highlighted that the most prominent trait of Dr Faustus character was his ambitious nature which became the reason of his downfall.
CHAPTER: 3
CHARACTER OF KING- MACBETH.
In one of the term paper named "Macbeth" (www. planetpaper. com) the researcher highlights the key points of Macbeth's character. He said in the play Macbeth by William Shakespeare, he find out that Macbeth is a tragic hero. Macbeth is very ambitious, daring, and an ethically coward each one of these things lead to his tragic death at the end of the play. At the beginning of the play, Shakespeare characterizes Macbeth as a hero very evidently from the bravery in guard of Scotland is important in the opening scene. However, he's very ambitious to be king. Which thing height the negative trait in Macbeths character.
In one of the study paper named "Macbeth as a Tragedy According To Aristotle's Definition. " (www. 123helpme. com). Researcher highlights some of the characteristic of Macbeth's personality. He first compares Macbeth's character with qualities of tragic hero set by Greek philosopher Aristotle. Researcher highlight that the genre of some works of literature can be discuss, Macbeth compiled by William Shakespeare appears to match a ideal condition of Aristotle's definition of a tragedy, unite seven elements that he believes make the type of a work a tragedy, is that pattern. Demonstrate all seven aspects; Macbeth fits the definition of tragedy specifically. According to him elements in the play verify the actual fact that Macbeth is a serious story, the first elements of Aristotle's definition. Regardless of the outcome of the play, Macbeth was a good and great man, one of elements in this is of tragedy. Macbeth was an admirable man whom held the positioning of the Thane of Glam and was victorious in battle. This success helped him take escape of admiration from Duncan, very good deed attain by few. The main detail that Macbeth is actually not simply a good but a great man is the actual fact that initially, even though Lady Macbeth pleaded for him to kill Duncan, he refuse. Through Lady Macbeth's scheming ways as a result of her hunger for power and position, he did certainly kill him and others though. Yet, this in itself if analyze prove he's a great man. Through tactical planning and cunning wits, he was able to murder, and briefly gets away with it. Yet, every great man will need to have a single flaw, which they give into, as declared in this is of your tragedy. Macbeth's flaw was ambition, brought about by Lady Macbeth and the witches. From the imagery they created of him as a noble, bold and successful King, he let his ambitions get the best of him, which resulted in murder, deceit, cheating and finally tragedy. The ambition in him was not at full smother until the witches and his wife fully brought it out of him yet, it was a flaw, unlike a curable condition or problem, which he could not prevail over, not even by fate. The aspect of a flaw that the good or great man cannot overcome by fate is the fourth aspect in Aristotle's adaptation of the tragedy.
This research paper highlight all the traits of Macbeth's character that in the start of the play Shakespeare portrays Macbeth's character as a noble, kind hearted, victorious, and people and King Duncan praised him a lot. But later in the play we came to know his actual character that he is ill eared and easily get manipulated by witches and his wife lady Macbeth. Macbeth ambitious nature became the cause of his downfall or we can say that his tragic flaw is his own nature.
Marilyn French in 1982 wrote a term paper named "Macbeth and masculine values" (pg no: 14-24) draw focus on many facet of Macbeth's character and said that there is an uncertainty about gender role in Macbeth. She said that Macbeth is brave, valor's follower, courageous cousin and praise worthy men. A lot of the praise comes from Duncan the king. To conclude she said a tragedy she accept without object your choice that Macbeth is exterminate. Throughout the play, manhood is equated with the ability to kill. She also highlights the factor responsible in killing king Duncan is Lady Macbeth who convinced Macbeth to do so. But I am not buy into the perspective of Marilyn because Macbeth himself is overambitious to get the power and also to achieve the kingdom as we have seen throughout the play Macbeth is committing sin after sin to be able to gain the energy. Now if Marilyn is making Lady Macbeth responsible for Macbeths down fall is not true because Lady Macbeth persuaded Macbeth once which is to murder the king Duncan however, not his son and not his friend Banquo so it is clear that Macbeth is to blame for his own dreadful mistake.
In one of the research paper named "The question of justice in Macbeth" (www. 123helpme. com) the researcher is emphasizing in the play Macbeth, many different choices are brought onward to an optimistic character and the effect that is chosen impacts the entire play. The researcher analyzed the results of the actions can be a positive or negative conclusion towards the type. As is represented in the play Macbeth, justice always prevails due to the guilty character's developing sense of regret or the character getting fair punishment. This shows some traits of Macbeth's character.
To give clear idea of Macbeth's character I again want to high light a few of the points in one of the research named "The personality of Macbeth"(www. 123helpme. com). In his research researcher highlight that Macbeth down fall is due to natural law in which person his own choice to choose his path has. He also emphasize that Macbeth also offers his own choice either he want to go with the prophecy of witches or even to act as his wife want him to act so that it is clear that it's totally depend upon his own will and his will is to became the king and want to attain the power. This thing clarifies that is ambition became the reason of his down fall.
CHAPTER: 4
COMPARISION BETWEEN DR-FAUSTUS AND MACBETH'S TRAGIC FLAW.
Firstly we can consider the ways that the play starts it explore the mystic in the opening scene of Macbeth and Dr Faustus.
The mystical is a robust theme that constantly appears throughout the opening scenes of Shakespeare's 'Macbeth 'and Marlowe's 'Dr Faustus'. Continuously throughout the opening scenes the supernatural can be used as a way to introduce suspense, horror and feeling of doubts into the play and assist in the awakening of the audience's thoughts.
In Macbeth the plan of the supernatural is introduced to the audience immediately, as Shakespeare opens the scene opens with three witches. At that time that Macbeth was written the idea and belief that witches truly survive could have been taken tremendously sincerely by Shakespeare's audience as witches were regarded as real beings. Using witches in the opening scene automatically build an environment and allow audience to identify that the play they are about to watch is going to have a gloomy, perplexing and fear-provoking feeling to it, as witches are usually linked as wicked being.
Shakespeare also uses pitiable misleading notion to create the sense of the supernatural. "Thunder and lightning", this mechanism is also used as a way to establish the ambience of the opening scene. Setting the scene early in the opening of the play allows the audience to become aware that the type of the opening scene is likely to be fairly severe and sinister, which permit the audience to absorb themselves entirely in the play. The use of pitiable myth in the opening scene also enhances the theory that witches are evil beings as both the description of the elements and defined the ideas that Shakespeare's audience could have had about witches portray extremely negative association.
In dissimilarity to Shakespeare's Macbeth, Marlowe uses the idea of the supernatural in the opening scene of Dr Faustus in a more positive way. Inside the opening scene Marlowe uses his own thought to introduce the views of the play Dr Faustus. That is about the comparison and contrast of the start of both the plays. The starting scene of both play somewhat is similar and that is they started with the super natural character. There is one more similarity in the opening of the play that both the writers portray their main character as a noble person belongs to good family kind hearted. That is about the play. Now I wish to drag your attention to the similarities and dissimilarities in Macbeth's and Dr Faustus characters.
In one of the essay named "Dr Faustus VS Macbeth" (www. exampleessay. com) the essayist highlights the some of the similarities of both the character. In many ways, Macbeth and Dr. Faustus follow the same sequence as their character's poor preference lead them to distortion downfall that they never thought. The universal truth of the "Faust Theme" is apparent in Macbeth. It can be seen through his decisions all over the play. These decisions are what cause his succession from an honorable man in the beginning to the evil cruel king in the end.
Macbeth and Dr. Faustus are very much alike. Inside the plays they both sold their soul to the devil to attain the knowledge and power. Macbeth didn't literally sell his soul to the devil as Faustus did, but he also get under the influence of evil character that r witches.
This is all about the similarities and dissimilarities of both character. Now come to the main point that what is the tragic flaw in both the character? In my judgment the tragic flaw of both the characters is their own ambitious nature. They both are incredibly ambitious to realize power and knowledge but to be ambitious is not really a wrong thing but to attain their ambition they uses false path or in a nutshell I want to say they truly became blind to achieve their ambition now this is their tragic flaw. To justify my point I'd like highlight some researcher viewpoint.
In one of the essay named "Vaulting ambition and downfall"(www. directessay. com) the essayist emphasizes on the reason why of Macbeth's downfall is his vaulting ambition, though it is exactly what bring him power but is also the same which lead him to his down fall. According to essayist vaulting ambition is Macbeth's only flaw. Essayist also highlight positive side of his ambition that through his ambitious nature he won my battles because in those days his only ambition is to praise by people but down the road in the play his ambitious nature portray by Shakespeare in a darker way that his lust to achieve power and also to became the king of Scotland moved his positive ambitious nature into a negative way and he commit sin after sin to attain his ambition. This became his tragic flaw.
W. W. Greg in (1946) (71-88) research "Reason of Damnation of Faustus". He highlights multiple reasons due to which Faustus was damned. First in his research, he said that Valdes and Cornelius are the reason of Faustus Downfall they attract Faustus towards magic in a way they would like to do evil deeds from the back of Faustus plus they do not want to be punish their self in the long run. In addition, the next reason which WW. Greg highlight in research is the pact, which Faustus signs with the Devil, which became the reason behind his damnation. But I am not agree with his reason because these all things come afterward in my viewpoint the main reason of his damnation is his over ambitiousness nature because Faustus himself was quite definitely curious to gain the knowledge of magic. W. W. Greg in his research uses the term of ambition but not in a negative manner. He said that Faustus ambition was positive to learn as he want to serve the folks in a good way but I again disagree with his perspective that if he was positive he'll never try evil deeds. I believe that from the very first part of the play he's over ambitious because we can obviously see that how much he's thirsty for knowledge and this thing lead him to his downfall. Here we can certainly compare both Macbeth and Dr Faustus character flaw is their over ambitious nature which became the reason of their own downfall.
So it is clear that Shakespearean Macbeth and Christopher Marlow's Dr-Faustus share same personality traits both are noble in start there ambition were positive in the start of the play as Faustus want to earn education of magic to help visitors to help his country in security reasons however when he make that happen knowledge his ambition change directly into negative he start teasing people to be able to help them. In the long run he became totally self-centered and achieve his ambition he sold his sole to devil. So that it is cleared that ambitious nature of both the character became there tragic flaw and they were damned in the long run which is completely their own choice they selected their deaths by their own free will.
CONCLUSION:
Many researcher highlighted different reason of tragic flaw in Shakespearean Macbeth and Marlow's Dr Faustus some are the following. W. W. Greg in (1946) (71-88) research "Reason of Damnation of Faustus". He highlights multiple reasons due to which Faustus was damned. First in his research, he said that Valdes and Cornelius will be the reason of Faustus Downfall they attract Faustus towards magic in a way they want to do evil deeds from the trunk of Faustus plus they do not want to be punish their self in the long run. In addition, the next reason which WW. Greg highlight in research is the pact, which Faustus signs with the Devil, which became the explanation for his damnation. J. C. Maxwell in (1947) (89-94) in his research of "The Sin of Faustus". His purpose is to keep a due way of measuring attention directed upon that side of the theme is to recognize Faustus central act of sin for what it is. He said that his major sin on which his whole research revolve is Faustus pride and his curiosity. He said that pride is the ultimate source of Faustus fall and sensuality is pervasive component of his character after it. Marilyn French in 1982 wrote a term paper named "Macbeth and masculine values" (pg no: 14-24) draw attention to many aspect of Macbeth's character and said that there is an uncertainty about gender role in Macbeth. She said that Macbeth is brave, valor's follower, courageous cousin and praise worthy men. A lot of the praise originates from Duncan the king. In conclusion she said a tragedy she accept without object the decision that Macbeth is exterminate. Throughout the play, manhood is equated with the ability to kill. She also highlights the factor responsible in killing king Duncan is Lady Macbeth who convinced Macbeth to take action.
But on the bases of this analysis the effect what results comes out is that the tragic flaw of both the character is their own ambitious nature although whoever motivate them to commit sin but at end it was their own decision.
