The objective of the task is to execute a research on the copy of learning from overarm toss to a badminton forehand clear the topic Peter.
Transfer of learning
The transfer of learning identifies influence of earlier practice or performance of a skill or skills on the learning of a fresh skill (Magill, 2004).
Generally, the copy of learning comes in 3 various ways, they are
Skill developed in one situation, can be used in another game.
E. g. in the various racket athletics like tennis games and badminton. Besides, good players tend to be being seen to transfer the skills they may have learnt in one situation, into another.
Transfer of learning from the practice treatment to the competitive game.
The needs of the practice period should relate tightly to the needs of the competition itself. A baseball player can pitch effectively in a game and not simply in a practice treatment.
Transfer of learning from the idea like tactics, theoretical concepts to apply session.
In addition, the copy of learning can be purchased in 3 different affects, they are simply:
Positive transfer
Skills that are developed in a situation can be good for ones in another situation, e. g. the development of a skill in a single racquet sport like badminton has an optimistic effect when participating in another like tennis games. However, it appears that only the larger, grosser movements are the skills that persuade make a positive transfer.
Negative transfer
Negative transfer refers to a situation where the skills may be similar between your sports, however in actuality the techniques are incredibly different, e. g. strain on the badminton racquet and grip are different from the rugby racket.
Neutral transfer
This refers to a predicament when the previous experience does not have any influence on the training of a new skill.
The problem
Seefeldt (1979), Gallahue and Ozmun (2004), and Magill (2004) emphasized the value of acquiring important skills before trying to learn related sport specific skills, e. g. you need to have a simple overarm throwing pattern before untaking the training of badminton forehand clear. Overarm throwing is one of the important fundamental motions in many game titles and sports; they have 6 critical features as shown below: (D Knudson and C. Morrison 1996)
Critical features
Cues
Torso rotation, leg drive and opposition
Turn your aspect to the prospective; step with the contrary foot
Sequential coordination
Uncoil the body
Strong throwing position
Align arm with shoulders
Inward rotation of arm
Roll the arm and wrist at release
Relaxation
Relax your upper body
Angle if release
Throw up an incline; toss over the cutoff's head
Subjects doing an overarm toss may have 2 separate goals: one may want to throw for maximum distance, while the other may choose to throw for exactness.
In this project, the topic Peter is an initial 3 student learning in a neighborhood school. He takes part in the standard physical education (PE) lesson twice weekly, each involves 45 minutes. For the last 1 month, his PE instructor has been instructing him the fundamental of overarm toss (Appendix 1) with a plastic ball. Today, Peter can do an overarm chuck comfortably; he has viewed several strong critical features of overarm throwing. He has good opposition and keeps his arm aligned with his shoulders. After four weeks of his June institution getaway, his PE teacher begins to add him a fresh sport known as Badminton during his PE lesson.
Badminton is a racquet sport played by either 2 opposing players (singles) or two opposing pairs (doubles), who take positions on reverse halves of a rectangular court docket that is divided by way of a net. Players credit score points by reaching a shuttlecock with their racquet such that it passes over the web and lands in their competitors' fifty percent of the judge. The shuttlecock is a feathered projectile whose unique aerodynamic properties lead it to fly diversely from the balls found in most racquet sports activities; specifically, the feathers create much higher drag, creating the shuttlecock to decelerate more rapidly when compared to a ball (Wikipedia, 2010).
But after a couple weeks of routines, Peter is still not able to match the desirable selection of correctness for a number of critical features especially in the forehand clearing of shuttlecock (Appendix 1).
The new sport
Badminton has been an Olympic sport with five occasions: men's and women's singles, men's and women's doubles, and merged doubles, where each match is a guy and a female. At high degrees of play, the sport requires excellent fitness: players require aerobic endurance, agility, strength, rate, and precision. It is also a specialized sport, requiring good engine coordination and the introduction of sophisticated racquet skills (Wikipedia, 2010).
There are total 8 main badminton skills that any badminton players need to know, these are (Chua Yap, 2006):
Badminton Grip
There are 2 basic grips for keeping a badminton racquet, the forehand and backhand hold. Players having the racket wrongly will decrease his stroke's power and correctness. Players need to improve grasp quickly during game titles so that he can returning the shuttlecock properly to his opponent.
Badminton Footwork
Good badminton footwork is having the ability to reach the shuttle early while on balance. Players can miss, shuffle, jump, glide, chasse step or lunge on court docket.
Badminton Serve
Serving is the starting of a game point. In essence there are four types of acts: they are simply High help, Low Serve, Forehand, Backhand. A good serve, will permit to players to report point during games.
Badminton Clear
Badminton clear is the most frequent and important of most badminton strokes that can be played out forehand or underarm. These injections can be enjoyed both on the forehand and backhand factors. Using clears to go the opponent to the backcourt. It'll create space in the frontcourt for player to exploit. The forehand clear is similar to the action of overarm put (Appendix 1).
Badminton Drop Shot
Badminton drop photographs are delicate badminton shots that can win things outright if carried out well. The injections can be played out both on the forehand and backhand factors. The forehand shot is comparable to the action of overarm put (Appendix 1).
Badminton Smash
Badminton Smashes are the most lethal shot of most badminton images. There is almost no defense against a good smash. The smash is a shot hit with electricity and speed downward to the opponent's court. You will find 3 type of smash, forehand smash, backhand smash and around the head smash. The forehand and mind smash act like the action of overarm put (Appendix 1).
Badminton Drive Shot
Badminton Drive shots are pictures that crosses the net flatly in a horizontal trajectory. The drive can be an attacking shot that is usually performed from the factors of the court docket when the shuttle has dropped too low for this to be came back with a smash.
Badminton Net Play
There are 3 different kinds net play, they are net shot, world wide web kill and online lift Net photos are performed from over the internet area back to the opponent's online area. Net kill is a go played out when the challenger has enjoyed a loose shot over the web, providing an opening to reach the shuttle down from the web area. Net Lift is actually an underarm clear played from over the internet area. Use this shot when player want to move the challenger to the trunk court.
Broer and Houtz (1967) found electromyographical similarities between your fundamental overarm put and the badminton forehand clear which means that there is a relationship between the 2 skills. Furthermore, in the game of badminton there are 2 more types of shots or motions that are also closely related to the action associated with an overarm throw, namely the forehand drop shot and forehand smash.
But in this project, the subject only will be observed and intervene for doing a forehand clear.
A four phase observational strategy for the qualitative examination of the badminton forehand clear (Knudson, Morrison, 1996) will proposed for the topic. In the original analysis studies, first look for timing, rhythm, signs of pressure, and the trajectory of the badminton forehand clear, this is done by the assistance of using video saving and playbacks on the movement. Second, for the next few trials, take notice of the leg drive, opposition, steps, hip and trunk rotation. Third, observe the clearing position of the arm. Previous, observe the evidence of sequential coordination in the fast activities of the arm by looking for lag in the pickup truck, humerus and forearm.
After examining the sequences qualitatively (contrasting the conclusions with the critical features) as shown below, prescription of any intervention will get the topic to improve the performances of his forehand clearing.
Badminton forehand clear
Critical features
Cues
Grip
Hammer grip; looses and relaxed
Preparation
Turn the body and stand sideways to the web with the non-racket shoulder facing the web.
Shift the weight to the rear end foot.
Bend the elbow and lock the wrist getting ready to swing onward.
Continuous upwards motion
Raise the non-racket hands and point at the shuttle to improve timing and balance.
Contact the shuttle up to possible and in front of the body by using a strong throwing action as if the will throw the racket high and ahead through mid-air.
Straighten the elbow as the hit the shuttle.
Let the wrist unlock with a whip action as the reach the shuttle
Follow-through
Release the wrist.
Follow through with the racket and alter the weight from the trunk foot to the front foot.
Stance
Align the heels; fast and put.
Move back to the base position.
The intervention
Once an observation has been conducted and the strengths and weakness of the subject's badminton forehand clear activity has been evaluated and diagnosed, an intervention will be deployed.
Specifically, a good intervention would combine the next:
Using responses with these elements:
Positive, like using words "Congrats!"
Limited, like using chunking demo, steps by steps with few elements
Be specific, like using words "Step" to remind players to stride
Be immediate
Using cue words like mix, grapevine, man on for soccer
Using variety of strategies:
Using visible models, like demonstrations by instructors
Using overcompensation
Using task adjustment, break activity into parts, make it easier. Scheihauf (1983) demonstrated ways to modify breaststroke going swimming practice to provide athletes more time to process the coach's feedback
Manual direction like physically steps or supports subject's body in a specific position
Conditioning like health club training for the topic who is lack of critical capability like strength
Attentional cueing
Ecological intervention
As observed during the examination, the major limitation for Peter, the topic were
Poor timing and sequential coordination of the forehand clear: elbow and side well frontward of the make at release
Opposition and vulnerable leg drive
Weak forehand clearing position
Angle of trajectory for the forehand clearing is off
An abbreviated follow-through
Prioritization of corrections must be observed, as well as is determined by the subject's goals and rational for prognosis. In general, the main critical features are corrected first. In the case of Peter the modification of opposition and weakened lower leg drive is the main, because after they are corrected, the sequential coordination will by natural means be corrected through practice.
As pointed out, the best intervention for Peter is to work on opposition and leg dive before sequential coordination of the forehand clear. A good sequential coordination will not develop without strong calf drive and opposition to transfer energy to the arm and then to the shuttlecock from the feet and trunk. Furthermore, fine tuning of sequential coordination will not possible until the subject learns to go the legs, hips, and truck forwards powerfully as the forearms move backward. Good opinions for Peter is always to compliment him of his badminton forehand clear and use cues such as "Let's use that good leg drive more by turning sideways to the shuttlecock, step forward, and turn your trunk in to the clearing".
The justification
O'Keeffe (2007) has discovered that the individuals' badminton forehand clear have improved upon following the practice in the essential overarm throw. He has suggested the mentors or teachers to instruct the essential skills first before improvement to teach the precise skill like badminton clear when the skills are matured.
In this circumstance, the copy of learning will possess the positive affect when Peter starts to learn the badminton forehand clear, forehand drop shot and forehand smash. The amount of transfer that was calculated on inter-task transfer in line with the formulation below (Magill, 2004, p234) will be greater for the topic, Peter than someone who has no training on overarm throwing.
%Transfer = Experimental - Control
------------------------------ X 100
Experimental + Control
In addition, the badminton clear is the most frequent and important of all badminton strokes and it gets the high percentage of copy from the overarm chuck, hence the mentors or professor will propose to get started on with this intervention first.
The negative transfer
(Magill, 1999) Negative transfer is refers to the interference of earlier learning along the way of learning something new. A couple of 2 situations that are susceptible to negative transfer are one is the change in the spatial locations of your movements in response to the same stimulus and the other is the change in the timing characteristics of the movements in response to the same stimulus.
One of the possible negative copy from the movements of overarm put to the action of badminton forehand clear is the subject Peter has practiced overarm chuck in a specific way such that a particular perception-action coupling has grew between the perceptual characteristics of the duty and the motor unit system (Magill, 1999). Therefore, when Peter views a familiar perceptual array, the motor unit system has a preferred way to respond to those characteristics. The perception-action coupling becomes very problematic when you can find change from preferred condition (overarm throw) to a fresh state (badminton forehand clear), Peter will not be able to do his badminton forehand properly.
The quantification of success
The success of the intervention can be measured using a qualitative evaluation checklist of key factors for every single of the next components for badminton forehand clear (Downey 1993):
Backswing
Approach to contact
Contract
Follow through
The pursuing is the sample detail checklist that'll be use to evaluate the success of the intervention. Two assessments will be conducted for Peter, you are before instructing Peter the techniques to do the forehand clear and is after teaching him how to do.
Components
Pre Test
Post Test
Points
Points
Backswing
Loose Wrist
Feet Wide Apart
Sideways On (This is actually the key skill)
Non Striking Hand directing at the shuttlecock
Follow Through
Total
The subject, Peter will report by demonstrating the correct action or not. Two tips will be given if Peter can do it really well. 1 point if only do it a bit and no items if indeed they don't do it at all, the maximum Peter can get is 12.
From the above, the findings can show obviously what aspect of the forehand clear Peter has to improve on. After a few session of intervention, the similar checks will be conducted for Peter again.
Conclusion
Transfer of learning is one of the very most universally applied concepts of learning in education and rehabilitation. Transfer of learning is positive when earlier learning accelerates the training of a fresh task. Like regarding Peter, he is able to do badminton forehand clear much better than someone who did not offer an overarm training.
References
Magill, R. A (2004) Motor unit learning principles and applications (7th edn) (Boston, MA, McGraw-Hill International)
Seefeldt, V. (1979) Developmental electric motor patterns: implications for primary institution physical education, in: C. Nadeau, W. Halliwell, K. Newell & C. Roberts (Eds) Mindset of motor behavior and sport (Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics), 314-323.
Gallahue, D. L. & Ozmun, J. C. (2004) Understanding motor development. Babies, children, adolescents, men and women (5th edn) (Madison, Brown & Standard).
D Knudson & C. Morrison (1996). Qualitative Research of human movements (Champaign, IL, Human Kinetics).
Broer, M. R & Houtz, and S. J. (1967) Patterns of muscular activity in chosen sport skills: an electromyography research (Springfield, IL, Charles C. Thomas Publisher).
Wikipedia (2010). Badminton. Retrieved Jun 09, 2010 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Badminton
Chua Yap (2006). Badminton Techniques. Retrieved Jun 09, 2010 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Badmintonhttp://www. badminton-information. com/badminton-techniques. html
