Gynocentric feminism targets the different capabilities of people. It works to enjoy the female and boasts sexist oppression is the destruction of femininity.
Iris Marion Young, in Humanism, Gynocentrism, and Feminist Politics, " exemplifies gynocentric feminism because he believed that the problem of women's oppression had not been to be fixed by participating in humanity, but that people had a need to stop devaluing feminine virtues (p. 178). Essentially, he thought femininity was to be treasured and that for females to be liberated and not oppressed, that they had to affirm their difference (p. 184).
Carol Gilligan, in her article, Moral Orientation and Moral Development, " assumed that men and women thought in different ways about moral problems and where to find solutions for each. She thought that men think more from a justice perspective, which focused on egoism, sensible reasoning, and conditions of equality, while women thought more from a health care perspective, which centered on altruism, theoretical, and terms of attachment (p. 201). She centered on women's thought on moral development and that if they weren't removed research, that was generally conducted with male participants, we would be able to better appreciate the methodology they often undertake. The care point of view should be treasured as she suggests that this perspective allows us to pay attention to others and then for women to talk about their encounters; that the strength comes from women's potential to refuse detachment (p. 210).
Audre Lorde, who wrote "Uses of the Erotic: The Erotic as Ability, " uses her information of the erotic as a way to empower women to find within themselves also to explore this reference of ability. She emphasized that girls were fearful from it because men have controlled them into thinking this can be a fearful or bad thing. Lorde claimed that the erotic would give women satisfaction and allow them to establish themselves alternatively than live by society's explanations and specifications (p. 190). She also mentioned that it would allow women to find power to battle for a big change against their oppression and help them look for more than mediocrity (p. 189). Overall, the erotic is a source of ability within women that Lorde noticed must be celebrated and acknowledged.
3. What's dominance feminism? Explain the way the work of at least three (Mackinnon, Bartky, hooks, Frye, Kimmel) exemplifies dominance feminism?
Dominance feminism focuses on the ways women have been subordinated by men. It claims sexist oppression is the subordination of women and the dominance of men. Dominance feminism focuses on how women have been pressed as an inferior sex.
Michael Kimmel, in this article, Masculinity as Homophobic: Dread, Shame, and Silence in the development of Gender Personal information, talks about how masculinity is a way to dominate men and women. The stereotypical masculine man holds most of the energy making other men fearful to not achieve this masculinity and fosters a homophobia in these men. Men have a sort of vitality over women as well because they are being used in order to gain a higher masculine list (p. 214). The energy of assault is another way in which masculinity dominates other men and women since it makes those who is able to fight, better than other men, and it protects any speck of femininity (p. 214).
Kimmel also stated that masculinity is a form of "homosocial enactment" because it is other men that give men their manhood (p. 214). Men who fear so much being thought of as gay or as a sissy are what keep masculinity dominating. Men want to be "real men" and masculinity is a way to accomplish that and it dominates gay men and women who cannot achieve this kind of masculinity.
Sandra Lee Bartky, in Foucault, Femininity, and the Modernization of Patriarchal Vitality, talked about how exactly the Panopticon of women's systems and appearance dominates them because they become their own jailer as they try to match society's benchmarks of beauty (p. 278). The ideas of what women should appear to be keep them powerless as they spend their complete lives trying to achieve this ideal beauty that contemporary society has generated. Bartky talked about how precisely the ideal female number, "slim, taut, small-breasted, [and] narrow-hipped", is one of the ways this panopticon is dominating women because they will forever make an effort to be that small with the use of dieting (p. 279). She also continues on to say that girls have little electric power in the quantity of space they may have. Women are likely to take up less space than men and screen a legs shut or crossed, hands in lap, position (p. 280).
The idea of the panopticon even dominates women by causing them insecure about increasing age, though something they cannot escape, these are pressured into anti-aging ointments to make the transitions less visible (p. 281). Bartky mentioned that the panopticon was obedient to patriarchy since it kept women in a regular "self-surveillance" and essentially this panopticon of what beauty is helps to keep women striving and hardly ever succeeding to measure up to what the beauty requirements are (p. 289).
Marilyn Frye, in Willful Virgin or MUST YOU Be considered a Lesbian to be always a Feminist?, argued that heterosexuality dominated women. Though she also introduces similar items as Bartky, in that women want to prepare their systems because of their husbands, she overall argues that if women were to reject the feminine values and patriarchy, then the patriarchal world would begin to crumble (p. 329). Frye also explained that abandoning female heterosexuality would weaken racism as well as patriarchy (p. 329). She continues on to say feminine heterosexuality is something that is learned and getting rid of it'll allow women never to be dominated and invite them to create themselves and the organizations that control them (p. 329). Female heterosexuality is utilized to dominate women since it is beneficial to men. She says that it is for male fraternity and created out of patriarchal kinship systems (p. 329). Frye's treatment for concluding this domination over women is to become a willful virgin, which means that women would be "freenot hitched, not destined to, not possessed by any man" (p. 330).
4. Identify three of our own creators whose work (that people have read for school) expands beyond the restrictions of only 1 of the three methods to feminist theory. For instance, explain how they can be seen as endorsing considerations from both humanist and dominance feminism (or some other blend of the three frameworks).
Many of the creators we've read in course do unfit in a package of only 1 of the methods, Humanist, Gynocentric, and Dominance Feminism. A few of their articles contain quarrels greater than one of these methods to feminist theory.
Simone de Beauvoir, in THE NEXT Love-making, argued that in the relationship between women and men, women were considered of less importance than the man. She described these ideas that men were the most advisable by stating men dominated as the Self applied and women were the Other (p. 116). She stated that men could think about themselves without women, but that women cannot think of themselves without man (p. 116). In such a statement, men clearly are thought to have the energy, in which women are of little importance to them because they can keep on without requiring or thinking about women. This dualistic view was made to keep women subordinate, so they could agree to their subject of Otherness, which stored men as the Do it yourself and the dominating sex.
Through this dualistic idea that makes women inferior compared to men, de Beauvoir argued that people alongside one another, were all area of the human species evenly and this women added to half of mankind (p. 114). In the same way, she further mentioned that the Home could only have his privilege to be the most crucial if men and women were unequal; that women must be a minority (p. 116). She argued that we now have just as many women on the planet as there are men and therefore women shouldn't be unequal (p. 117). Therefore, in a humanist methodology, women and men should be considered similar because there are no reasons to trust women will be the minority.
Carol Gilligan, in her article assumed that there were two different perspectives in taking a look at a moral problem; the Justice Perspective and the Attention Point of view. She considered the theory that people considered moral problems in several ways. More specifically, she thought women required more of the Treatment Perspective, which focused on thoughts and altruism, while men had taken on more of the Justice Perspective, which centered on sensible reasoning and egoism (p. 201).
However, in a humanist approach, she argued that men and women might use both and are aware of both perspectives (p. 200). She mentioned that children could move between both forms of reasoning and "explain the reasoning to two moral perspectives" (p. 206). Gilligan further argued that although there could be a desire to the sort of moral reasoning women and men use, they both can understand both perspectives (p. 206). Regardless of how they choose to solve a moral problem, they can think about the condition in both ways (p. 206).
Audre Lorde argued from a gynocentric approach that ladies have a resource of electric power that is rooted in "our unexpressed or unrecognized sense" (p. 188). Through this source of vitality, the erotic "can provide energy for change" to fight against the oppression on women (p. 189). Lorde argued so it allowed women to specify their selves rather than live by society's definitions and allows those to "exceed the encouraged mediocrity of your contemporary society" (p. 189).
Unfortunately, women have been dominated by men into pondering they should curb the erotic. Lorde mentioned that men use the erotic against women and since the erotic is a way to obtain empowerment, men have persuaded women to fear it (p. 189). Men utilize this dread to keep women subordinate to them. If women fear the forces of the erotic, then men are able to control them, keeping the inequality between them unchanged in contemporary society without women trying to improve it. It allows men to completely dominate women so that ladies do not understanding the power the erotic holds and use to fight their oppression.
6. Are women's personal lives more or less a matter of feminist matter of each of the three frameworks of feminist theory? Why or you will want to?
In dominance feminism, women's personal lives are of a crucial feminist concern. Dominance feminism targets the subordination of women and exactly how men have been considered the dominant sex, which affects women as they being placed as the substandard sex inside our society. Marilyn Frye, arguing in the dominance methodology, considered heterosexuality a kind of male domination (p. 327). She considered the theory that heterosexuality revolved around the man. She argued that to get rid of this male dominance on women, women experienced to remove the heterosexual and to be a willful virgin, which recommended a woman was free and not possessed by any man (p. 330). The inequality between men and women is a huge concern for dominance feminists and the ones like Marilyn Frye are trying to find ways that women can break free, in a sense, the dominance over them.
Gynocentric feminism also focuses on women's personal lives as a significant concern. This process celebrates women and femininity. It essentially argues that how people think about femininity influences women. As Iris Marion Young thought, the oppression on women denied and devalued "feminine virtues and activities by amasculinist culture" (p. 178). Gynocentric feminism celebrates these virtues by boasting that "women's bodies and traditionally female activity [is] the source of more positive principles" (p. 178). Young argued that "women's reproductive processes keep us linked with aspect and the promotion of life to a greater degree than men's" (p. 178). Gynocentric feminism targets women as a problem because it targets celebrating them and their femininity and cases that femininity is not the situation and that we should be promoting its principles (p. 179).
Humanist feminism will not truly give attention to the non-public lives of women as a problem in feminist theory since it centers more on things like laws in order for everyone to be equivalent alternatively than specifically women. Iris Marion Young described both humanist and gynocentric feminism quite nicely in contrast to one another. He defined this process as emphasizing the theory that women and men should all be judged by the same standards and that femininity retained women oppressed (p. 175). Simone de Beauvoir, a humanist feminist, also assumed obviously that women and men should be identical, but in conditions of the views of culture, were considered the Other and substandard. She argued to give attention to changing this dualistic idea of the Home and the Other and though on some level it does matter women's lives, it is more about creating a standard common humanity between women and men.
EXTRA CREDIT: Presentation 10/21/2010 by Virinder Moudgil
Hormones in Health insurance and Disease: Improvements in Breasts Cancer
In Professor Moudgil's presentation on Breast Malignancy, he discussed the positive effects hormones have on the body, as well as, the functions in the torso that are affected by hormones. Hormones are chemical substance messengers that are released in to the blood stream by endocrine glands or skin cells. The classifications of human hormones are steroids, polypeptides, amino acid derivatives, and oily acid derivatives. Moudgil then mentioned the sources of estrogen in the body; the ovaries, adrenal gland, and adipose (excessive fat) tissue. Hyperplasia, or cancer, can be disperse by attacking other bordering tissues, which is called Mestastasis.
In Moudgil's powerpoint slides, he previously a graph for the leading causes of fatalities among women. Breasts cancer was the second most frequent type, with about 39, 840 people or 15 percent of all deaths in 2010 2010 being a result of breasts cancers. He also reviewed Ductal Carcinoma to be the most typical form of breasts cancer and explained that kind of cancer was restricted to the lining of milk ducts in the breasts.
Moudgil outlined out the chance factors to getting breast cancer for men and women. He first stated that ladies were much more likely to get breasts cancer, but that it's not unusual for men to get the disease. Among the chance factors for girls are increasing age, personal background (for example, if a female had breast tumor in one breast, she has a greater threat of getting breast cancers in the other breast as well), family history among first degree relatives, inherited genes, increased radiation exposure, obesity, beginning menstruation at a more radiant age, start menopause at 55 years old or aged, having their first child at an older era, postmenopausal hormone remedy, and constant use of alcohol. Moudgil also went on to discuss how a woman's body condition can increase her chances of developing breast cancer tumor. He claimed that women with an "apple shape, " where most of their weight is continued top, are 3 x as likely to develop breast tumors as women who are "pear shaped. " The chance factors for men included older age, unnecessary use of alcohol, contact with estrogen, genealogy of breast cancer tumor, Klinefelters symptoms, having acquired liver disease, overweight, and also rays visibility. Overall, Moudgil said that the common probability of anyone getting breast cancer tumor was one in eight. Certainly, the possibility enhances as we years, but the overall chance is one in eight.
Moudgil also talked about two types of mutations: sporadic and hereditary. A sporadic mutation is the most common and is also when certain skin cells mutate. Hereditary mutations are simply just from one's parents. So far as treatments go for breast cancer tumor, there are medications available to help with human hormones after menopause, reconstructive surgery, and hormone blocking solutions.
