What is Linguistics?

Language as the utmost significant part in communication, that is able to connect between the real human capacities for culture and language and it's been noted dating back to traditional antiquity. On Contemporary Linguistics OGrady, et al. , had written that:

Dialect is a lot of things a system of communication, a medium for thought, a vehicle for literary appearance, a social organization, a subject for political controversy, a catalyst for land building. All human beings normally speak at least one vocabulary which is hard to imagine much significant communal, intellectual, or artistic activity taking place in its absence. Each folks, then, has a stake in understanding something about the type and use of words.

In Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current British, Hornby stated that Language is the system of communication in speech and writing that is used by folks of a particular country. Terminology is a mean of mankinds communication. There are many different genius unique dialects on the planet, such as Arabic, Bahasa, Dutch, Japanese, Turkish, Walsh, and English. English is a worldwide language on earth; it is extremely growing and spreading in a whole countries. Aside from Japan, because he stated that his arduous Japanese language makes him as his honor and his personality as Nippon people.

Based on the linguists, terminology divided into two parts, they may be literature and linguistics. Literature, in cultural context, language is examined as the tool of literatures delivery. Books is the skill of written works. On Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current British, Hornby published that Literature is pieces of writing that are respected as works of art, especially novels, works and poems (in contrast to technical books and newspapers, periodicals, etc. ).

Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current British, Hornby wrote that Linguistics is the scientific study of terminology or particular dialects: a course in applied linguistics.

Linguistics is called Generative Linguistics, learning not also a certain vocabulary but pays focus on analyze and comprehend every word, sound, its changes, function etc in language. That's the reason linguistics consists of some major aspects of language. Commonly linguistics is composed into some major subchapters, the first is anthropological linguistics; the study of the interrelationship between language and culture. Applied linguistics; the application of the methods and consequence of linguistics in such areas as vocabulary teaching.

Also Historical linguistics; the analysis of how words changes through time: the languages relationship to one another. Morphology is the study of how words are constructed out of smaller significant units.

The Method of the Research

A method that the writer found in this research is descriptive method, regarding in this research the copy writer analyzes morphology, especially inside change, suppletion, and reduplication. The study identifies in morphosemantic evaluation of these form, position, function, and so this means as written in the aims of the study.

Morphology

Morphology is the branch of linguistics that figuring out and learning words as grammatical devices and word structured that introducing some common morphological trend for modifying of variety of the words framework in order to show a new meaning and sign a grammatical compare, such as inner change that a process in which substitutes one non-morphemic segment to another, suppletion is a morphological process whereby a main morphemes is replacing with a phonological unrelated form for indicating a grammatical contrast, and a process that duplicating part or every one of the base to use for marking a grammatical or semantic contras is named reduplication.

Morphology derived from Greek words: morphe means form and logos means knowledge, which is concerned with describing and explaining how the words are produced; it's the branch of linguistics that studies term formation and structure is named Morphology. McMannis, et al. , (1987:117), in Terminology Files talks about that The analysis of how words are structured and exactly how they are put collectively from smaller part. Another linguist, Verhaar (2004:97) explains Morphology is the branch of linguistics that recognizes morphemes as grammatical unit.

Spencer et al. , inside the Handbook of Morphology (2001:1) identifies that morphology as The study of word composition and words are in the software between phonology, syntax and semantics. Then OGrady et al. , (1987:132) notify that The machine of categories and guidelines involved in word creation and interpretation is called morphology.

Morphology is the analysis, identification, and information of the word composition (words as models in the lexicon will be the subject material of lexicology).

Words and Phrase Structures

The most dependable defining property of expression is they are the smallest free forms within language. A free of charge form can be an element that can occur in isolation and or whose position with respect to neighbouring elements is not totally fixed. (Modern day Linguistics: 132)

In Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary of Current English, Hornby stated that Word is reasonable or blend of may seem that expresses a interpretation and forms an independent unit of grammar or vocabulary of your language. A speech sound or group of speech noises that symbolizes and communicates a meaning without having to be divisible into smaller devices capable of indie use.

Yet phrase is the tiniest of the linguistic units which may appear alone in speech and writing (Richard et al. , 1985:311). Furthermore, word creation is the creation of new words. A phrase can be mentioned if that term is in the base form. For example, the word performer sing + -er; sing is the base form.

Figure 2. 1 Words Consisting of One or More Morphemes

Morphemes

The traditional term for the most elemental unit of grammatical form is morpheme; from Wikipedia site, it comes from the Greek expression morphe so this means form. Britanica Concise Encyclopedia (www. answere. com) referred to that Morpheme as The smallest grammatical unit of talk.

McMannis, et al. , (Terms Data files: 117), composed that Morpheme is The nominal linguistic unit has a interpretation or grammatical function. While Lyons claims that morpheme is Such minimal items of grammatical research of which words may composed are customarily refered to as morpheme (Release to Theoretical Linguistics: 170).

Morpheme Classification

Morphemes are divided into two basic categories; freestanding word and morphemes that are bound or attached (affixed) to other words. Each one of these major categories can be subdivided further into two types, those morphemes which have more lexical content and those that are definitely more grammatical in function. They are divided into two types:

1. Free Morpheme, is morpheme which can standalone and it has a interpretation. The free morphemes with lexical content symbolize the major elements of conversation, such nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs. The free grammatical function morphemes include the minor parts of speech, such articles, preposition, and conjunction, among others. Based on McMannis, et al. , (Terms Documents: 119) free morpheme is A morpheme which can stand alone as words; Abdul Chaers definiton (1994:151), free morpheme is morpheme that can appear in the pronunciation minus the existence of other morpheme.
2. Bound Morpheme, is the morpheme that cannot stand alone and it has no so this means, but should be certain (attached) to other morpheme to truly have a interpretation. A morpheme that must be attached to another element. (OGrady et al. , 1987:134) and McMannis explained that bound morpheme is The morpheme which are always attached to some other morpheme. (Language Data files: 119)

Affixes

Affix is a letter or audio or band of letters or noises, which is added to a phrase that changes this is or part of conversation of the term. (Richards, et al. , 1985:7); Affix is one or more sounds or characters developing as a sure form mounted on the beginning or end of the term base, or phrase or inserted within the word or bottom part and serving to make a derivative term or an inflectional form.

Different with origins, affixes do not belong to a lexical category and always bound morphemes. Affixes are divided into three types; prefix is affix added to the beginning of the word/morpheme (such as un-, re-, en-, etc. ); infix is affix put into two other morphemes (such such as tagalong -um, -in, etc. ); and suffix is affix added to the stopping of the term/morpheme (such as -able, -ness, -ing, -ly)

Bases

OGrady, et al. , (Modern day Linguistics: 137) talks about that platform is Basics is the proper execution to which an affix is added. In many case the bottom is also the root. For example, the word ducks: the aspect to which the affix -s is added corresponds to the words root. Another circumstance, however, an affix can be put into a unit larger that a root which it happens in term blackened that the past tense affix -ed is put into the verbal base blacken -a product consisting of root the morpheme dark-colored and suffix -en.

Common Morphological Phenomena

Mankinds language makes use of variety of operations or operations that can change the composition of expression, either by adding some factor to it or yet by making an internal change, to be able to express a fresh meaning or even to tag a grammatical comparison.

1. Affixation

The addition of an affix, a process known as affixation, is common in morphological process in terms. Linguist distinguishes the affixations process into three types:

1. Prefix, is phrase or syllable (e. g. co-, en-, ex lover-, non-, un-, pre-, re-, etc. ) located before a word to include or change this is of that term, e. g. en- in enrich. Prefix does mean phrase (e. g. Dr, Mrs, Mr, Sir, etc. ) that paced before a persons name as a subject for someone. (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 1989:976)
2. Infix, is a derivational or inflectional affix showing up in the torso of phrase. (Wikipedia-2010). OGrady et al. , (1987:139) mentioned that Infix is a type of affix occurring within a base. Somehow infixes are hardly ever pretty difficult to find them in English.
3. Suffix, is notice or group added at the end of a phrase to make another phrase, e. g. -y put into rust to make rusty, or as an inflection, e. g. -en in oxen (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary, 1989:1286). Suffix means an affix happening by the end of a term, base or expression.

2. Compounding

Words can also be developed by stringing jointly other words to create ingredient words (Wikipedia-2010). On Modern day Linguistics OGrady, et al. , (1987:143), had written that Compounding is the combo of lexical categories (nouns, adjectives, verbs, or prepositions) to make a much larger word.

Compounding in British is infinite, for samples:

Figure 2. 2 Samples of Compounding

3. Internal Change

On Contemporary Linguistics OGrady, et al. , (1987:141), composed that Internal change is an activity that substitutes one non-morphemic segment for another. For instance, look at the stand below.

Figure 2. 3 Internal Change in English

In his publication, he divided inner change into:

1. Ablaut

Ablaut is a systematic variation of vowels in the same root or affix or in related origins or affixes esp. in the Indo-European dialects that is usually paralleled by variations used or meaning. For example, sing (present) sang (history); the term ablaut is often used for vowel alternations that tag grammatical contrast in this way.

1. Umlaut

Umlaut is the change of vowel that is triggered by partial assimilation to a succeeding sound or that occurs as a reflex of the previous presence of an succeeding sound which includes been lost or transformed (concerning draw pluralization in goosegeese or mousemice). Umlaut entails the fronting of an vowel consuming a forward vowel in the following syllable.

Despite the internal modifications above, the next describes another style of interior change (Terms Documents: 131):

1. The usual design of plural creation that is To add an infectional morpheme, some English plurals make an interior modification: man but men.
2. The usual style of history and past participle development is To add an affix, however, many verbs also show an interior change; for example: ring, rang, rung; sing, sang, sung, etc.

4. Suppletion

Contemporary Linguistics, (1987:142), discussed that Suppletion is a morphological process whereby a root morpheme is replaced by a phonologically unrelated form to be able to point a grammatical contrast.

From Wikipedia validated that In linguistics and etymology, suppletion is usually understood as the use of one expression as the inflected form of another phrase when the two words aren't cognate.

Suppletion is the substitution of one stem with another, leading to an allomorph of your morpheme without any phonological similarity to the other allomorphs. The affirmation had taken from SIL International.

For a good example of this terrific occurrence in British is the use of went as days gone by tense form from the verb go, or was and were as days gone by tense varieties from be. In some cases, it is hard to are different between suppletion and inside change as with think (thought) and seek (sought).

5. Reduplication

Another amazing common morphological process in certain language (however, not British) is reduplication which duplicates all or area of the bottom to which it applies to tag a grammatical or semantic contrast. (Modern Linguistics: 143)

The process of reduplication is dividing into two phenomena types that usually are used in English, the first one is full reduplication and a different one is incomplete reduplication.

1. Full reduplication is the repetition of the complete words. For samples in Indonesian language: orang (man) orang-orang (all sorts of men), anak (child) anak-anak (all sort of children); it is utilized to indicate level.
2. Partial reduplication is copies only part of the word. For example in Tagalog dialect: takbuh (run) tatakbuh (will run), lakad (walk) lalakad (will walk).

The repeating of elements of words to create new forms is named reduplication. Producing new coinages have often made an appearance at times of national self-assurance; when an outgoing also playful nature is portrayed in terms, for example during 1920s following a First World Battle where when many nonsense word pairs were coined including the bee's legs, heebie-jeebies, etc.

The linguists assume that the benefits of such conditions begin with Old English and proceeds today. Willy-nilly, riff-raff, helter-skelter, arsy-versy (a form of vice-versa), hocus-pocus all particular date from the 16th century. Today, new coinage term is coming up to date; we have bling-bling, boob-tube and hip-hop. The other example of reduplication are ding-dong, see-saw, tick-tock, zig-zag, blah-blah, bye-bye, choo-choo, chop-chop.