Briefly explain with the aid of diagramme, the building technique of laying a sewerage pipes and illustrate the reasons of different bedding type for vitrified clay (rigid) pipes and Abdominal (flexible) pipes.
Above: pipes should be laid with fall season.
Side: excavation of trench.
Below: workers are putting the pipes in the trench.
The first thing to construct drains is a floor plan of the website, showing the location of the whole of the sanitary appliances that the wastewater to the position of the sewer. A couple of two methods of laying the pipes, first is by using the boning-rod and sight-rails. But the common way of working is to apply an ordinary heart level and a straight-edge.
The construction technique of laying sewerage pipes is first, the pipes should be laid in a right line from indicate point with a fall so this means at predetermined angle and a predetermined depth. Two legs must then be added for every show up. Next, excavation of trench have to be build using an excavator so that working space and bed linens throughout the pipes are allowed. Trench that tend to be more than 1200mm depth must be properly shored up. The trench should be dug out from the site so that the pipes can be laid with a show up and the primary tapped straight out from the building and really should be at least 15 ft long so a full length of pipe can be laid in the trench. The first tube that needs to be laid first is the tube from the curb to the primary. The pipes must be placed between your curb and the primary before the drinking water is turned on. If there are any leaks, the pipes have to be repaired. Pipes shouldn't be covered p until they are really analyzed and approved for water-tightness. Beams are installed between the intervals to avoid landslide occurring at both factors of the trench excavation and also to protect the underground pipes.
In refilling the trench, sand or fine gravel should be put in first and compactly surrounding the tube without disturbing the joint. Then, the trench will protected with good ashes or gravel. Once the trench is refilled, concreting should be achieved and taken up minimum of half the level of the pipes, so that these may be safely bedded in it and also at least 6 inches wide thick throughout.
On the departed: Bedding fine detail for rigid pipes (Clayware) School B bedding
On the right: Bed linens detail for flexible pipes (Plastic)
There are two types of pillows and comforters pipes that are for vitrified clay (rigid) pipes and Washboard abs (flexible) pipes. The function of pillows and comforters is for the pipes from earth, large rocks or other materials. Rigid pipe materials include clayware, concrete and cast iron while flexible pipe materials include plastics include those created from PVC, polyethylene and polypropylene. The performance of every polymer differs rely upon the pipe tightness and the creep percentage. These different beddings require differing levels of support to the tube and the compaction of the material. It also depends upon the kind of pipe for everlasting protection against mechanical damage. The bed linens factor is the ratio of the inability load in a crushing machine.
List down with description the contractor process in landscaping contract.
In landscaping contract, a contractor must performed many activity in order to satisfy the costumers satisfaction. Their job is to design, plant, develop and maintain a consumers landscaped area and their job range can be from local businesses to big urban companies. Some of the contractors use residential clients in creating the gardens and parks on home land while others use governments and businesses to keep up current grassed areas and develop new areas.
Design of landscape
First, the company will have to find and meet the client. During the meeting they will discuss which kind of garden that your client wants by talking about and showing ideas of trees and shrubs, plants and also types of grass that might be suitable for the region. Some contractors will use computer-generated models, pictures and landscape blueprints to help the customers to examine and choose according with their desire. But the most important things during the reaching up with your client is to help your client easily understand on what type of plants that are ideal and are appropriate for the region and what type of plants that they must be avoided or not appropriate to flower for the area. It is because sometimes the customers have unrealistic and impossible wishes for certain plant life that usually won't grow for the reason that particular area, so it is in charge of the service provider to consult the clients and solve these issues. When the final plans of the scenery had been achieved by agreement from the contractor and consumer, the company then begins their construction work by coordinating the purchase of the plant life as well as oversees the work.
Construction of landscape
After the coming up with of panorama has been done, the company will start purchasing the mandatory plant life for the growing area. They will be contracting with a lot of suppliers and external vendors to be sure that the project run smoothly and stick to plan. Then, the contractors will carry the required crops from nursery to the site. The conditions of the crops need to be check and analyse during the delivering of the vegetation. Contractors also need to find appropriate area position for keeping the land fertilizers, plants and drainage materials that will be used in the future. Before the installing the specific plants, the planting area must be check for any discrepancies by detatching any unwanted plants that cover the region. The structure of the region and landscapes will be constructing by the contractors that will mount the plant life and tender the blossoms, shrubs, trees and shrubs, foliage and turf based on the requirement.
When installing plants is completed, the new plant life have to be be mindful by watering and tending the vegetation for a degree of time. The plant life need enough of water in order to adapt to the new environment. The contractors also have to build retaining surfaces to prevent land slide, provide paved area and installed the irrigation systems which can control the spread out of drinking water in the region so that it is even. By setting up an irrigation system, every one of the plants and trees and shrubs will get enough of water. If the customers asked to install the fountains, rockery and this inflatable water features such as sprinklers in their garden, the contractors will then installed this particular features.
In areas of interior job, the hiring, supervising, training and firing of workers are also being done by the contractors including the leave for the personnel. There is also to get hold of with the customers for invoicing and collecting fees for the landscaping design job.
Repair and remediation of landscape
Usually the repairing and rebuilding the landscape that is affected by the local conditions and subsidence or that will require new management scheduled to overlook in caring for the previous surroundings is all done by the contractors. The contractors will be responsible for all reconstruction and remediation techniques like the digging up existing vegetation, trees and bouquets and re-installing back again all the landscape materials with a fresh one. There is also to develop new additions to the scenery area to make a fascinating view of landscape and installing new and fresh soil which contain high minerals to displace the old existing dirt.
Maintenance of landscape
To maintain a landscape contractors use the same sorts of skill and duties like remediation and repair. Contractors have to do plenty of job such as terracing, turfing the region, prune trees, garden maintenance, garden mowing, remove weeds, throw away removal, keeping sprinkler, concreting, retaining flowers and interacting with any damage from disturbances such as flood and storms. Certain contractors acquired to remove risks depend on their contracts. To keep a landscaping, the contractors usually develop a drainage system, construct landscape features such as garden mattresses and hardscape such as patios, walkways, driveways and pool decks to keep up the area. On top of that, contractors also have to create the lamps for the exterior area which the lighting provides a safe especially during the night and be the source of light for outdoor areas. Preserving the scenery is one part of work that should be performed by the contractors.
Briefly clarify three (3) influencing factors for highway design.
The three factors that a lot of influenced the road design will be the strength of sub-grade beneath the street, maintenance cost of the street and the amounts of traffics that uses the road.
Strength of sub-grade
The design of a street is inspired by the sub-grade support that is with regards to the soil type, materials density, temp and moisture content. Sub-grade is the natural occurring ground at development level which its homogeneity is important. Before a sub-grade is well prepared, it's important to avoid hard and tender locations in sub-grade. Once the sub-grade is suitable, after that it can be compacted. It's important to recognize where in fact the moisture may go into the sub-grade to be able to control the moisture motion. It is because moisture will influence the sub-grade properties including weight bearing capacity, shrinkage and bloating. Drainage, groundwater stand and infiltration can also affect the moisture content in sub-grade that may result in exceedingly under insert.
The temp of environment on sub-grade also affects the performance of road. Example: Asphalt becomes stiff and brittle at low temperature ranges although it is soft at higher heat. If the heat range is too high, long term deformation in asphalt may occur. Sub-grade also must have the ability to support the lots that been sent from the pavement framework. The strain bearing capacity is influenced by the degree of compaction, moisture content and kind of soil. An excellent sub-grade is the one that can support a higher amount of loading without excessive deformation.
The durability of sub-grade also depends upon the kind of garden soil. Certain soils can shrink or swell with regards to the water content. When this happen, soils with high fines content may be frost heave. Any highway type constructed over the shrinkage, bloating and frost heave will have a tendency to deform and crack.
Maintenance cost
The second factor that affected the road design is the maintenance cost of road such as cost of improvements, effects of handling or limiting right-of-way on abutting domestic and commercial properties where channelization restricts vehicular motions. At the end of a certain period, the street will deteriorated to its failure condition which will then have to keep back to rebuild its structural integrity and serviceability. The maintenance cost and life pattern cost depends on the sort of pavement used. For rigid type of pavement such as concrete, the maintenance cost is low as it is can resist large sums of loads while for versatile kind of pavement such as tar macadam, the maintenance cost is high because it must resurfacing the part every five years. But to install the rigid pavements require more labour, more time to harden and more technical compared to versatile pavements. The maintenance of street is necessarily since it can cause road incidents to users. Cleaning and emptying of gully pots, silt traps and manholes, jetting and cleaning sewers, street sweeping, litter removal and highway verge panorama management have to consider also as it is under the maintenance cost.
The procedure and maintenance activities also part of maintenance cost. The inspection and monitoring, post inspection maintenance including litter and removal of rubble, unplanned maintenance credited to functional problems or pollution incidents must be looked at. The labour, the plant and the materials used to do the maintenance works must be computed.
Numbers of traffic
The third factor that affected the road design is the amounts of traffic which used the street. The traffic concern that must definitely be considered is the look and real capacities that the street can take, the design-hour turning motions especially during peak hour or office hour, the size and operating characteristics of vehicle (the strain of the automobile), vehicle speeds, transit engagement and crash experience. If the street used is very consistent, the design of the road must be strong enough to carry large capacities of insert. The size of the street also predicated on the amounts of traffic. If the road is usually used the size of the road have to be bigger to avoid jam.
Briefly make clear four (4) requirements of joints for cladding system.
The four requirements of joints that are important for cladding system are weather resistance and are allowed for structural, thermal and moisture movement, good strength, easily looked after and easily made or built.
Weather resistance
The most important requirement of joint is it needs to resistance to blowing wind pressure, rainwater and other characteristics elements such as heating, moisture, sound such as airborne and vandalism. It must sufficiently well to demonstrate the persistent resistance to the elements. If we neglect the need for properly closing the joint, there will be a water leakage in the building. Once the seal has lost its weather-proofing, the building will suffer water penetration into the building and the thermal insulation performance will decrease. Requirement of joint parts of cladding also must allowed motion of moisture so the air in the building has moisture and not too dry. High consistency thermal movement can affect the jointing of cladding system because the building materials can increase and contract because of the changing of temps and humidity. It is best to use flexible bones in the cladding system where the joints will never be effected when the building materials expand and contract. It'll control of the internal environment and the temperatures of the building. Example: Using gasket bones can prevent thermal heat from getting into the building, level of resistance to environmental episode, prevent flames from spread within the voids and insulate sound against airborne from external of the building and stop it from transmitting to other areas of the building.
Strength, steadiness and good durability
The other requirement of joint parts for cladding system is power, stability and toughness. Power of joint means so it able to support its own self weight between your building materials and also to the structural body. It does not require additional support from others. Balance of joint means that this can against and undergoes strong wind pressures and other environmental attack. It also can cater for frame actions which it allows differential activities between the joints, the structural structure and other building elements. The integration between vertical and horizontal body elements is compatible. Durability of bones for cladding system means that it is free of maintenance and has the capacity to weather well.
Easily maintained
The bones for cladding system must be easily retained so that maintenance personnel can easily serviced and managed the bones if there are defection in the joint parts. For gasket joint, the maintenance is complex since it uses air pressure to become listed on the cladding and need skill labour to perform the task. Joints on surfaces that want painting need to allow for maintenance of the top coating. Usually when the unit installation and repair is relatively simple, the maintenance required is high, needing frequently treatment with regards to the location of the elements to which it is subjected.
Easily made or assembled
Joints for cladding system must be easily made or constructed such that it can be easily obtained which is not limited. Indicating the manufacturers easily and constantly produced the jointing and easily obtained on the market. The installation of the jointing also must simple so that the workers can simply mount and can minimise the structure time. Example: Loaded joint is the easiest of jointing compared to drained joint. Unlike gasket joint, it is more technical to install because it has difficulty in guaranteeing dimensional exactness and control during make and installation.
