- Name of culture
What is the name of your selected culture? What's the meaning of the name in English? Do the people in your culture call themselves this name - if not, what do they call themselves and what does it signify in English? Do neighboring groups call them another thing? If so, what is that, and exactly what does it say about relationships between your two categories? Add your own ideas. . .
The name of the chosen culture is Ifugao. The foundation of the Ifugao comes from the term Ipugo, which means "from the hill". Regarding with their mythology, their name is derived from Ipugo which identifies the rice grain directed at them by their God, Matungulan. Also, others say that the name originates from the term "I-pugaw" which loosely means "inhabitants of the planet earth. " Neighboring people refer to the Ifugao people as Kiangianl. Today, the people who inhabit this province make reference to themselves as the Ifugao, although the area contains individuals who are not.
- Where is your culture located?
The Ifugao culture inhabits a location of approximately 750 to 970 square mls in northern Luzon, which is positioned in the Philippines. The culture resides in the most strong and mountainous elements of the Philippines, which is saturated in the Gran Cordillera Central in north Luzon. The Gran Cordillera Central of Northern Luzon is used with a multitude of natural areas. According to Fowler, "The Gran Cordillera Central of Northern Luzon is a jumbled mass of lofty peaks and plummeting ravines, of small fecund valleys cleaved by rainfed, boulder-strewn rivers, and of silent, mist-shrouded, moss-veiled forests wherein orchids in their deathlike beauty unfold like torpid butterflies. " The mountainous peaks surge from 1, 000 to 5, 000 meters and are drained by the waters of the Magat River. Corresponding to Siangho, "Their neighbors to the north are the Bontco; to the east Gaddang; to the west Kankanay and Ibaloy; and the south the Ikalaham and Iwak. " It is believed the Ifugao were likely inhabitants of the local fertile plains, which is greatly opposing of their current dwelling. Additionally it is believed that these were driven out of the plains by Malaysians for their superior weapons. That is why they presently reside in the mountain side.
The Republic of the Philippines can be an archipelago of around 7, 000 islands. The first people arrived about 100, 000 years ago. They were hunters and gatherers who survived from the land's basic resources. A large number of years later, people appeared from Asia and brough with them agricultural skills and cultural structure. Out of this cross-cultural intermingling, a culture was made and the Philippines was created.
- Language
What language do people in your culture speak? Provide some details about the vocabulary - specifically, the "language family" it belongs to, and an interesting reality or two about its composition. (Example: in Sinhalese, by the end of your interrogative, you have to include a special "question symbol" phrase. ) Add your own ideas. . .
The terminology name of the Ifugao people is Ifugao. The language family proceeds like this: Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian, Northern Luzon South-Central, Cordilleran Central, Cordilleran Nuclear, and then Cordilleran Ifugao. Therefore, the vocabulary family of the Ifugao terminology is Malayo-Polynesian.
There are Four divergent dialects of the Ifugao terminology: Amganad, Batad, Mayoyao, Tuwali, each with distinct types: Amganad: Burnay Ifugao, Banaue Ifugao; Batad: Ayangan Ifugao, Batad Ifugao, Ducligan Ifugao; Tuwali: Apao Ifugao, Hungduan Ifugao, Lagawe Ifugao.
As explained by "The Ifugao - local people, " "The Ifugao have a terms that changes from community to community. Dialect and change of pronunciation can make it a real concern to keep a discussion between neighboring villagers. However, an official terms dictionary has been produced. "
- Settlements
Population within Ifugao society in the twentieth century has varied anywhere from 60, 000 to over 100, 000. Matching to Malone, "Population density in a few areas techniques 400 per square mile. " The sole architectural structures known because of this group of people are the properties where they reside and their extensive rice patties that prolong from halfway the mountain side all the way down to the bottom of the valley.
The Ifugao people live in hamlets. These are like tiny areas that are located alongside the hill near an owners rice patty. You can find about 8 to 12 houses per hamlet. There are also building for the unmarried, which is discussed later in this task.
- Houses
Describe the properties in your culture (straw huts, mud walled thatched rooftop dwellings, etc. ). Be as complete as you possibly can, including size, design, materials, colors, even prices if available. Who lives in a typical house? Women, men, children, elderly? Pets or animals? Add your own ideas. . .
The homes of the Ifugao people are very small. The normal household includes the nuclear family. A nuclear family is a family consisting of only a mom, father and their children. Once a child becomes an adolescent and they're old enough to take care of his or herself, they go in live in either child homes. Typically the Ifugao house rests on four strong posts, with no windows. Regarding to Fowler, "Inside there can be an open earth and stone fire place for baking and floor mats for sleeping and sitting down. Family paraphernalia, such as baskets, bowls, clothing, skills (human being and creature), and powerful items, are hung from the surfaces or stacked on carved cabinets. Although Ifugao houses vary little from this basic configuration, properties of nobility often feature distinctions, such as large Hagabi lounging benches, embellished attic beams, kingposts and doorjambs carved with human being effigies, and ornate outside frezies portraying pigs, carabao and other family pets. "
The men and women and their smaller children (one's who cannot manage themselves) live jointly while children who is able to maintain their own lifestyle live in several houses. Once the teenagers reach the age where they become considering the opposite intimacy, the male young adults leave their residence throughout the day to meet females in other homes. From this intermingling, lovers eventually form. Immediately after a woman becomes pregnant, the couple will wed. After marriage, the couple will either build their own home, live in a home of anyone who has died without kids, or stay in a home still left by one of these parents. Once they settle in to their house, it's the mom's work to care for the kid and the dad's obligation to provide for the family.
Student Response:
- Making a Living
How do the people in your culture make a living? Describe what anthropologists call their "adaptive strategy. " (foragers, horticulturalists, pastoralists, agriculturalists, industrialists). Provide some details about their subsistence system (what game do they hunt, what crops do they increase, what family pets do they herd, etc. ). Add your own ideas. . .
People in the Ifugao culture live a very basic lifestyle to produce a living. The usual lifestyle involves agriculture and hunting, with anthropologists characterizing the adaptive strategy as agriculturists. According to Malone, "Ifugao subsidence is derived principally from agriculture (84 percent) with an additional ten percent produced from the bringing up of aquatic fauna, such as minnows and snails, in flooded rice fields. The rest of the six percent of subsistence involve sportfishing (fish, eels, frogs, snails and drinking water clams); hunting (deer, crazy buffalo, outrageous pigs, civet pet cats, wild kitten, python, iguana, cobra, and fruitbat); and gathering of pests (locusts, crickets, and ants) as well as large variety of outdoors plants. " Even as can see, the primary duties are tending to the rice patties. The men are usually the ones that participate in the hunting and sportfishing. When the men hunt after crazy deer and pig, they often use hunting puppies to aid them. The dogs are not raised to eventually eat (like some local ethnicities); the Ifugao people admiration and admire dogs.
- Political System
Describe your culture's politics system. Utilize the anthropological terms we have learned in course (music group, tribe, chiefdom, condition). Provide some details about the culture's power/authority system - how do individuals get into a posture of power? What exactly are traditional methods of cultural control and issue management? Add your own ideas. . .
The Ifugao politics system is better characterized as a sociopolitical company. According to the article, Ifugao - Sociopolitical Organization, "Traditionally, communal differentiation has been predicated on wealth, measured in conditions of rice land, water buffalo and slaves. The rich aristocrats are known as kadangyan. The ownership of hagabi, a large hardwood bench, occurs their position symbolically. The Ifugao have little by using a formal politics system; there are no chiefs or councils. You will find, however, approximately 150 districts (himputona'an ), each comprised of several hamlets; in the center of each region is a defining ritual rice field (putona'an ), the owner (tomona' ) of which makes all agricultural decisions for the area. "
Government is poorly established among the Ifugao's. Matching to Malone, "The functions of federal government are (or were) achieved by the operation of collective kinship commitments, including the risk of blood feud, as well as common understanding of the adat or custom laws given the folks by ancestor heroes, in particular the inviolability of personal and property protection under the law. "
Men earn respect according to their rice patty's. The larger their patty is, the high status they have in the community. Also, within the Ifugao community, there's a "rice chief". The rice chief is one of the leading priests and individuals value him for spiritual power, but he does not have ultimate authority on the Ifugao people. For the most part, people are "on their own" when it comes to federal government control.
- Kinship System
Use anthropological conditions to spell it out your culture's kinship system (matrilineal, patrilineal, etc. ). Provide a brief definition of that kind of kinship, and then say why your culture suits that definition. Describe the kinship terminology, and provide samples. Add your own ideas. . .
According to Malone, "Each sibling group is the guts associated with an exogamous, bilateral kindred. : Essentially, this is descent traced and kinship groups given through both male and female lines with marriages being "outbred" instead of "inbred" relationships between families. Quite simply, people don't marry of their family, but beyond it.
The men and women and small kids all live alongside one another. When the child comes "old", which is basically a teenager, they re-locate of these parents house and go on their own in a second home with other kids how old they are of the same making love. Once the men begin to find wives, they leave their houses throughout the day and the women stay in their homes to greet and pleasant men. They begin in a very cool and peaceful atmosphere, such as jokes and informal converse, but eventually relationships form. After a girl becomes pregnant, they will wed. At this point the few will either build their house or inhabit a house kept by their parents or anyone who has passed away without children. When they are resolved in, the mother's duty is to care for the child as the dad hunts for food for the family.
- Marriage
Describe your culture's matrimony system. Just how do people choose a partner? Is there a particular category of person a person is meant to marry (example: in El Nahra, where Elizabeth Fernea resided, people were likely to marry their cousins). Are marriages established, or do individuals get to decide on their own spouses? Would you imagine yourself getting married the way people do in that culture? Add your own ideas. . .
Marriage within the Ifugao culture is quite simple. The standard form of matrimony in the Ifugao culture is monogamy. Monogamy is being married to only 1 person at a time. Although monogamy is broadly employed, polygyny is practiced once in a while by the rich. Even thought the defimition of polygyny is that either male or female may have multiple spouses, it is mailnly the men which have multiple wives. In these circumstances, the first better half has higher power and position than her co-wives.
According to Malone, "Marriages are alliances between kindreds. First cousin relationships are forbidden used and theory, but marriages to more distant cousins can take place. " These relationships may take place with a repayment of fines in livestock.
The men have the ability to choose their wives within this culture. You will find no set up or set relationships for the Ifugao people. Once the men are considering marriage, they start meeting other women in their society. If they begin their romantic relationship, it is an extremely casual environment. Eventually it become serious, and after the woman is pregnant, the man and partner get married. They will then transfer to their own place mutually to commence their family.
This seems really like the American matrimony system on the fact that we look for and choose our very own mate. Some individuals get hitched before they may be pregnant while others have a baby before these are married (although some people may never marry). I think this is obviously a culture I could become a part of, in the sake of their matrimony system that is.
- Sex and Gender
How could you describe gender relations in your culture? Do women and men live completely independent lives, as with Friends of the Sheik, or do they combine it up? How much electricity do women have over their own lives and the lives of others? Do women have established political power? Is there a gender department of labor (there has to be - every culture has one!)? Given your own gender, do you want to live in that culture? Add your own ideas. . .
Student Response:
Ifugao society is much separated. Women and men live apart unless they are really married and/or sibling and sister, but even at a certain get older of childhood; each goes and live on their own, away from their parents. Men are the ones who maintain political vitality, or lack thereof, in the Ifugao culture. Usually, really the only "powerful" people in this world are men who are respected for their wealth. The division of labor is set between the genders as well. Since this a very simplistic culture, the women tend to the kids and house work as the men have a tendency to the domains of rice and hunting food for the family. I'd call it a classic, nomadic design of life.
Another note that women are not as "powerful" or highly touted as men is the fact that, in the case that polygyny will exist, it has been multiple wives and not often multiple husbands. This form of marriage is very exceptional and only among the list of elite and rich people in the culture.
For me, I wouldn't prefer to live in this culture. I believe it is good for men and women to mix and mingle within the work area, home, and politics power. Women and men bring different ideas and ways of life to the stand, and I believe a successful culture allows men and women to intermingle readily. Therefore, I'd not need to are in the Ifugao contemporary society.
- Religion
Describe the faith (or religions) found in your culture. Do people believe in a god or gods? Do people in your culture practice magic? If so, what kind? How has missionary activity affected people in your culture (if it has) Add your own ideas. . .
Religion can be an essential area of the Ifugao culture and is also significant in every phase of life. Their religious beliefs provides a means by with the unknown can be approached and understood. Ifugao faith is an extremely complex structure predicated on ancestor worship, animism, and sensational power. Regarding to Fowler "The Ifugao pantheon includes innumerable religious entities that represent natural elements, causes and phenomena in addition to ancestral and methphysical beings. The trust and self-confidence that the Ifugao have in these beings permit them to face what's often a sophisticated and scary world with a great deal of confidence and understanding. They believe that the gods and other beings are approachable and can be affected by the correct rites and habit to intercede with respect to a person or the complete community. Usually the gods are viewed as generous and harmless beings who enjoy feasting, having wine and nibbling betel nut, as do the Ifugao themselves. However, the gods are quick to anger of course, if ignored or cared for badly can quickly become ill-tempered, demanding tyrants with the capacity of triggering misfortune and personal injury. "
The Ifugao folks have created ceremonies to honor and respect their deities, although some are rarely recognized or called upon. Others, who control daily life, such as agriculture and health, are constantly worshipped and called upon. The best importance to the Ifugao are rice or agricultural deities which have the energy to ensure bountiful crops and actually raise the amount of rice already in storage space.
- Interesting fact
Provide one additional interesting fact about your culture. Do they have a fascinating group of ideas about disorder, disease and healing? Describe it. Do they have an elaborate art work style? Describe it. Do they take part in sexual procedures that affect you as completely different from that of American Society? Discuss it. Do they have a particular type of body adjustment (scarification for example) or design of body adornment? What is it? You don't have to answer all of these questions - choose one or one of your choosing and offer all the information as you will get.
Although the Ifugao haven't any knowledge on paper, they were capable of creating a books that fits with a few of the country's finest in epic and folk story. Their literature is handed down orally. Their riddles provide to captivate the group as well as educate the young. One particular example of an Ifugao riddle is, relating to Siangio: "Dapa-om ke nan balena ya mubuttikan nan kumbale. " This translates to: "Touch the home and the owner runs about. " The answer is spider.
When the Ifugao collect collectively, they use proverbs to give advice to the young. These proverbs are being used to stress a details. The ones who've attended formal school start their lectures before large meetings or gatherings with proverbs. Here are a few Ifugao proverbs relating to Sianghio:
"Hay mahlu ya adi maagangan :: The industrious won't go famished. Hay "uya-uy" di puntupong hi kinadangyan di ohan tago. :: The feast is the yardstick of a person's prosperity. Hay itanum mo, ya hidiyeh aniyom :: Everything you have planted is what you will reap. "
Ifugao myths tend to be about hero ancestors, gods and other supernatural beings. They tale lines usually have these heroes facing issues that they are currently facing. This enables the Ifugao people to provide desire and comfort with their homes. When these reviews are recited, they're usually in barked-out, terse phrases accompanied by the tulud, this means "pushing". The tulud aims to bring the magical powers that stand behind the misconception. By the end, the clincher kalidi is chanted and the narrarator enumerates the benefits that ought to be extracted from the myth. The common myths are usually concluded with the saying, "because thou fine art being mythed. " They have got common myths that cover common social reviews such as: creation of the world, creation of man, great fights and epic challenges. There is also testimonies that cover other worldly known events, including the "great overflow" or "Noah's Arc" to the Bible. According to Sianghio, "Other Ifugao legends which may have been saved include, "The Story of the Ambuwaya Lake"; "THE FOUNDATION of the Pitpit or The Parrot of Omen"; "Why the Dead Come Back forget about"; and "How Lagawe Acquired Its Name". "
Other such important stories are the mysterious testimonies, called abuwab. These stories are thought to possess mystical capabilities. Corresponding to Siangho, "Examples are the "poho-phod" and "chiloh tales", which are usually told in death and sickness rituals. The abuwab is usually about the legendary husband and wife, Bugan and Wigan. "
Also, Siangho says, "The Ifugao epics are chanted romances sharing with of the roots of individuals, the life span and excursion of the Ifugao heroes, the valor of men and the beauty of women, as well as ancient customs and traditions. "
Sources:
- Fowler, John. "The Ifugao: A Mountain People of the Philippines. " Tribal Site. N. p. , n. d. Web. 22 Nov. 2009. .
- Froiland, Andrew. "Ifugao. " Ifugao. Minnesota Condition University, n. d. Web. 22 Nov. 2009. .
- "Ifugao - Sociopolitical Business. " Countries and Their Culture. N. p. , n. d. Web. 4 Dec. 2009. .
- Malorie, Martin. "Society - Ifugao. " The Center for Public Anthropology and Computing. University or college of Kent at Canterburry, n. d. Web. 11 Nov. 2009. .
- Sianghio, Christina. "Ifugao. " litera1no4. tripod. com. N. p. , n. d. Web. 14 Nov. 2009. .
- "The Ifugao - local people. " eSSORTMENT. N. p. , 2002. Web. 4 December. 2009. .
