The expression 'Reproduction' as identified in dictionaries is simply the "act of replicating something' whether a report, a audio, a culture, so that is looks exactly like the original. Reproduction can be employed to both culture and modern culture such that it actually is a process where areas of culture are "offered" from person to person from modern culture to society. This happens in a number of different ways and so it is effective to understand a small part of this 'reproduction's' history; previously people shifted from different countries and places taking with them their customs, practices, and even behaviors that have been learnt by other individuals, which lead to discussion between different people and therefore resulted in the 'copy' of the information which was accomplished through a process known as 'socialization'. Out of this we see that both sociable reproduction and cultural reproduction are very much 'linked' to one another.
Cultural reproduction is the 'transmission' of existing ethnic principles and norms from generation to generation. That is a process where there's a continuity of cultural 'experience' that has been continued across time (which often results in communal duplication).
Every society is mainly consisted of 3 classes: top of the class, the center class, and the lower class which might all be further subdivided into smaller classes (ex: job, etc. ) When we look further into ethnical reproduction of the cultural category, we find two opposing views relating to this issue:
A- Culture as a set of 'class-instilled' values
B- Culture as a set of 'class-based' skills and experiences
A
Every social class (especially the poor) has a set of principles unique to it:
a- Work ethic
b- Family values
c- Freedom vs. dependence
These values heavily influence the day-to-day tendencies of each course. They are handed along widely entirely from one technology to the next and because of the self-achievable nature of the values, the users of various classes with either seize opportunities for progression or won't.
B
When it involves culture as a set of 'class-based skills' and experiences, we are lead to 4 different effects.
a- Self-promotion or self-elimination:
This means by adjusting one's goals to complement real chances of success as well as embracing or keeping away from situations that could advantageous depending after whether the individual feels socially comfortable.
b- Institutional fit or mismatch:
Children from the middle-class population include skills valued by ordinary institutions because of this with their parents' socialization and respected cultural capital. Meanwhile, people with less social income are asked to execute at the same level as their more 'capitally-endowed' peers and therefore have to work harder to keep even.
c- Up to date vs. uninformed investment funds:
Individuals with fewer social resources conclude in less suitable positions and get less out of their cultural investments (such as college or university selection) through "unwise" decisions.
d- Direct inclusion or exclusion:
Members of the center and upper classes tend to recruit individuals from those who reveal the same standards of living, tastes, and experiences, and therefore exclude those who do not discuss them.
On the other hands, social reproduction is rather a sociological term which identifies an activity which both strengthens and preserves characteristics of a given social composition of custom over a period of time. Even though duplication may indicate 'replicating' what been around before, it may not occur exactly for all societies. This is due to the environmental, social, economical conditions as well as technology and procedures that keep changing as time passes; eventually there are new those who have different attribute and so relate to others in new and different ways.
An example of social reproduction can be seen in wild birds such as pigeons and parrots, which be seated along in a row on the wire and each facing the same route. Even though they fly, they are doing so in the same direction and then come back to sit again on a single line, all facing the same route (like these are pursuing something). Like them, communal duplication requires us to keep up the 'uniformity' of language as well as communication (similar to the birds have to check out one course) as time passes.
Communication methods to "stay connected". Just as men and women need the other person to biologically reproduce, we need the other person to 'socially' reproduce so that people can communicate with one another and relate to activities; but spoken terminology alone is insufficient for communication - Communal reproduction we can create civilizations like the famous 'Taj Mahal' and many more which can only happen when societies feel CONNECTED.
Two sociologists: Karl Marx and Pierre Bourdieu ask "What are the effects of Social Reproduction and Cultural Duplication on academic institutions?"
This is a question asked by a great many other sociologists and so the emphasis on the opinions of both sociologists relating to this topic of interpersonal and cultural duplication is to answer fully the question above.
Karl Heinrich Marx (5 May 1818 - 14 March 1883) was a German sociologist, philosopher, historian, politics economist, political theorist, journalist, and innovative socialist. He developed the socio-political theory of 'Marxism'. His ideas have played a essential role in the introduction of social science and he released various books during his life-time, with the most famous 'The communist Manifesto' (1848) and 'Capital' (1967-1894).
Pierre Bourdieu (1 August 1930 - 23 January 2002) was a French sociologist, anthropologist, and philosopher and is known for inventing the word 'Cultural Duplication'.
Both sociologists argued in their ideas about the consequences of Social Duplication and Cultural Reproduction on academic institutions. They talk about "the important function of education is to socialize the working class into a culture of failure in order that they take up, without question, usual and flat work". In addition they argue about this effects of both cultural and social duplication on colleges:
- the ideas that are taught
- the beliefs, attitude and personality qualities that are instilled in students
- the ways in which universities are organized
Bourdieu also offers that public inequality is reproduced in the educational system and for that reason legitimized equally Marx said: "Students have to go after on the formal teaching status quo" and so therefore students almost never touch ways of convinced that challenges the prevailing social order. In addition they argue that the position of the prominent course is justified by educational success and the under-privileged position of the lower course is legitimated by educational inability. Furthermore, they discuss further that universities socialize students into certain principles, behaviour, and personality features that 'fit' the eye of the dominant social classes' means of working.
These arguments lead Bourdieu to conclude that "the major role of education in population is to contribute toward social duplication which is the duplication of the relationships of power and privilege between sociable classes".
Therefore after looking further into what Cultural Duplication and Social Reproduction are, and after knowing the arguments both Marx and Boudieu possessed about their results on schools, I ask:
HOW CAN CULTURAL AND Sociable REPRODUCTION BE MORE OF YOUR DISADVANTANGE TO Population?
