Introduction
Biology is broad and for that reason embraces various issues in life that concern living organisms. Micro biology for occasion deals with the analysis of very small organisms that can reproduce and support their generations. That's where the study of prokaryotes comes into the landscape. The contrasting organisms to prokaryotes are known as eukaryotes. Unlike prokaryotes, eukaryotic organisms have complex cell set ups. Biology will full describe the complete nature of these organisms, their feeding behaviors, how they reproduce and where they thrive best, that is, their habitats.
Prokaryotes are single celled organisms whose cells lack the normal cell components. Prokaryotic skin cells lack cell organelles that are mainly enclosed by the cell membrane which is common in skin cells that are eukaryotic. This feature of prokaryotic skin cells simplifies the intricacy as it pertains to feeding, making it through in a particular habitat or reproducing (Latchman, 2008). Contrary, eukaryotic microorganisms are multi-cellular organisms whose skin cells are complex and contain cell organelles enclosed in a cell membrane. The organelles within eukaryotic cells have different functions that enhance the organisms' ability to reproduce and feed. Most of the organelles in eukaryotic organisms can be identified to be specialised. This specialization is what creates efficiency when these skin cells want to reproduce or nourish. Transcription if as well a cell activity that is quite different in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. The difference in how prokaryotes and eukaryotes transcript can be simply associated with their difference in cell components and framework.
Transcription can merely be thought as the replication process of the nucleic acids within the eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. The nucleic acids in cases like this refer to deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and the ribonucleic acids (RNA). This process is aided by enzymes in the body and the procedure is irreversible. This gives the implication that the ahead procedure for transcription can take place backwards. This occurs when need occurs or during special circumstances when the skin cells want to adjust to a particular situation. The nucleic acids in the cells of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic skin cells contain the hereditary materials that determine the characteristics of the organisms. This is actually the single most reason the transcription process is very important in the lifecycle of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Due to the different mother nature of the cell framework and the different parts of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic skin cells, the transcription process is different in prokaryotes and eukaryotes (Nicholl, 2008).
Eukaryotic transcription occurs in a series of levels: Initiation, elongation, promoter clearance and lastly termination. The genetic materials (DNA) in eukaryotic transcription is localized with the cell where it is later on separated from the cytoplasm to provide surge to messenger RNA. Translation occurs in the cytoplasm within the cell membrane. The hereditary material, deoxyribonucleic acid is also within some cell organelles like the mitochondria found in the cytoplasm. The DNA in the mitochondria utilizes an enzyme known as RNA polymerase in the transcription process.
The pre initiation stage in transcription in eukaryotic skin cells involves the existence of a central promoter collection within the deoxyribonucleic acids which supports the transcription process. Promoters are simply locations that permit the transcription process that occurs effectively. The RNA polymerase is able to bind the core promoters in a string if the fundamental transcription factors can be found. Core promoters in eukaryotes appear in foundation pairs from the site of transcription (Nicholl, 2008). The most common form of an main promoter that supports transcription is the TATA box which is situated in 25 - 30 basic pairs up stream to the transcription site. The TATA container in this case is the binding site for the transcription process and requires the occurrence of the TATA binding proteins (TBP). TBP is in itself a sub unit of any transcription factor known as Transcription Factor 2 D (TF2D). The TATA container combines with other transcription factors via the TBP to create the pre-initiation sophisticated stage.
Promoter clearance is the level which follows the initiation level in eukaryotic cell transcription. That's where the promoter should be eliminated after the bonding of the nucleic has efficiently been achieved by the help of RNA polymerase. RNA transcripts are released and there is the likelihood of the formation of truncated transcripts during this time. That is one of the major similarities between eukaryotic transcription and prokaryotic transcription and is known as abortive initiation. Abortive initiation occurs until the rearrangement of the o factor occurs. This technique results to transcription elongation intricate level. Elongation can successfully occur after the transcription successfully reaches 23 nucleotides. The promoter clearance stage is energy reliant and therefore utilizes Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP).
For elongation to occur, the promoter clearance level has to change. Inside the elongation level one DNA strand is referred to as the non coding strand is the one used as a template in the synthesis of RNA. In this case mRNA transcription can involve multiple RNA polymerase on a single strand of DNA (Latchman, 2008). That is unlike in DNA replication and therefore provides implication that multiple strands of mRNA can be reproduced from an individual gene.
The termination stage is the final stage in the transcription process. This is where the multiplication of mRNA strands is stopped. This technique requires energy as well and occurs in various ways in different organisms. For instance, transcription termination occurs in two various ways in bacterias. Rho impartial transcription termination is one of the termination procedures. RNA transcription halts when the recently synthesized RNA molecule forms a wild hair pin loop.
Prokaryotic transcription is much less sophisticated as eukaryotic transcription due to the mere reality prokaryotic cells aren't as complex as eukaryotic skin cells. Prokaryotic transcription occurs within the cell cytoplasm and it requires place simultaneously. That is another major difference between transcription in eukaryotic and prokaryotic skin cells. The simultaneous process of transcription and translation in prokaryotes is impossible eukaryotes (Nicholl, 2008). This can be due to the cell expertise in eukaryotes. The hereditary materials in prokaryotic transcription has access to ribosome because the nucleus is not membrane bound. The periods of prokaryotic transcription act like people in eukaryotic transcription, that is: initiation, elongation and termination phases.
The initiation level in prokaryotic transcription is seen as a a series of steps which aid in the process. A holoenzyme is developed and the procedure is aided by the occurrence of RNA polymerase. The enzymatic form is essential since it can realize and combine itself into specific promoter areas. The essential promoter region in prokaryotic transcription is known as the Pribnow container. The holoenzyme in this stage of transcription is referred to as the closed complex. Un-wounding of the DNA composition occurs in this level as well and the holoenzyme involved in this case is referred to as the open organic. The DNA strand in this level is transcribed by the RNA polymerase. It however produces brief non profitable transcripts and they are simply regarded as abortive transcripts. Their position is so because they're struggling to leave the RNA polymerase because the exit channel is clogged by the o factor.
During the elongation process, the o factor disassociates itself from the holoenzyme therefore aiding elongation. Elongation of the mRNA strands would depend on the strength of the promoter. The effectiveness of the promoter regions in this situation refers to the ability of the RNA polymerase and other protein to bind onto the DNA series. The elongation stage requires energy in the form of adenosine tri-phosphate. The greater similar the series between your RNA polymerase and the DNA collection, the better the relationship created thereby aiding elongation.
Just like transcription in the eukaryotic skin cells, the termination stage is the final one in prokaryotic transcription. Termination in prokaryotic transcription occurs in two mechanisms: the intrinsic termination process (rho-independent transcription termination) and the rho centered transcription termination (Tsonis, 2003). Intrinsic termination includes a palindromic collection that alerts the RNA polymerase to avoid. The collection disassociates the RNA polymerase from the DNA strands. Rho dependent termination employs a particular factor to avoid the synthesis of RNA. The factor which can be used because of this process is referred to as the rho factor.
Conclusion
The transcription process is one of the most crucial operations in living microorganisms specifically the eukaryotic and prokaryotic microorganisms. The process occurs in a completely different way in both eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells. There are a variety of similarities in both transcriptions. However the difference in the transcription process in prokaryotic and eukaryotic skin cells counters the similarities. Knowledge upon this process is essential because it would aid in making certain the optimum conditions are maintained for it that occurs.
